1、Lesson Twenty-One,知識(shí)目標(biāo)： Text A Day of Harvesting Dialogue After Supper Grammar 1. 不定式短語(yǔ)的句法作用 2. 介詞用法小結(jié) Revision Exercises (LL.17-21),A DAY OF HARVESTING(A Page from a Students Diary),October 24. Today we began harvesting. We got up at daybreak, and after an early breakfast we started off for the ric

2、e fields. We got there after half an hours walk. The fields around us looked like a golden sea. I have never seen anything so beautiful! We worked side by side with the farmers. At first some of us were rather slow. The farmers showed us how to cut the rice and how to tie the bundles. Soon we learne

3、d to work faster. We worked in three groups. Faster, faster! We mustnt fall behind the others! That was the thought in everybodys mind. Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat. On every face there was a smile. We harvested

4、 thirty mu altogether. That was not bad for the first day. But tomorrow we shall certainly do better - much better.,NOTES TO THE TEXT,Today we began harvesting. harvest既可作名詞，表示“收割”、“收成”，也可作動(dòng)詞，表示“收割(作物)”。 句中harvesting是動(dòng)詞harvest加詞尾ing構(gòu)成。它可用在介詞之后，因而是名詞，它又可帶賓語(yǔ)(例如:It was a day for harvesting wheat.)，因而又是

5、動(dòng)詞，所以稱作動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞兼有動(dòng)詞與名詞的某些特點(diǎn)，在句子中可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞和介詞的賓語(yǔ)。例如: Seeing is believing. 親眼看見(jiàn)了才相信(即“百聞不如一見(jiàn)”)。 I began studying English at the age of 12. Thank you for giving us so much help. We got up at daybreak, and after an early breakfast we started off for the rice fields. start off是動(dòng)詞加副詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。off表示“(離)開(kāi)”、“

6、(走)開(kāi)”，即已不在原處之意。整個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的意思是“動(dòng)身”、“出發(fā)”。英語(yǔ)里這類動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)為數(shù)不少，學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)當(dāng)注意。 與start off for 同義的短語(yǔ)有l(wèi)eave for，set off for，set out for，start out for。 介詞for在這里表示目標(biāo)、方向， 即漢語(yǔ)里的“向”、“往”之意，如: Next week theyll set off for the South.下星期他們?nèi)ツ戏健?We got there after half an hours walk. 在說(shuō)“到達(dá)某地”時(shí)多用get to, 例如: We got to the commune at f

7、ive oclock. 若后面用的是副詞 here, there, home等,則不用 to, 例如: When did you get home? I got there at eight. 英語(yǔ)里的撇號(hào)()加s表示名詞和代詞的所有格，如：the peoples army，Li Mings book，ones work，somebody elses magazine和構(gòu)成助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞的縮合形式如shant，wont，cant，mustnt，Im，youre，hes之外，還用在時(shí)間之后，作定語(yǔ)，如: After two years hard work，he learned to s

8、peak and write very good English. We got to the Summer Palace after an hours ride. 乘車一小時(shí)，我們到了頤和園。,The fields around us looked like a golden sea. Look這里是“系動(dòng)詞”,系動(dòng)詞和表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ),例如: You dont look well today. (你今天臉色不好。) Your room looks very nice. (你們房間很不錯(cuò)。) 還有一些動(dòng)詞,如:feel, fall, get等,也可用作系動(dòng)詞,例如: He fell ill

9、last Friday. He is feeling much better today. We hope he will soon get well. I have never seen anything so beautiful! have seen是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。(詳見(jiàn)第22課的語(yǔ)法說(shuō)明) 注意:something，anything，nothing，somebody，anybody和nobody如有定語(yǔ)修飾，定語(yǔ)需后置。例如: Attention，please，Ive got something important to tell you. He looks like somebody i

10、mportant. 他看上去像是個(gè)重要人物。 There is nothing wrong with the tape recorder. 錄音機(jī)沒(méi)有毛病。,Soon we learned to work faster. faster是副詞fast的比較級(jí)形式，表示“更快”的意思。 Evening came before we realized it. 直譯:“在我們意識(shí)到夜晚來(lái)臨之前,夜晚已經(jīng)到來(lái)了。”意即:“不知不覺(jué)間已是黃昏時(shí)候了。”這里it是指夜晚來(lái)臨,不是指evening一個(gè)詞。 Our clothes were wet with sweat. 介詞with在這里表示原因，意同bec

11、ause of，例如: The road is wet with rain. 因?yàn)橄掠?，路上濕漉漉的?The boy is shivering with cold. 那孩子冷得發(fā)抖。 That was not bad for the first day. that指前句We harvested thirty mu altogether，不僅作句子的主語(yǔ)，還具有連接上句的作用。 not bad的意思實(shí)際上等于quite good，“相當(dāng)好”。 But tomorrow we shall certainly do better - much better. 這是do的習(xí)慣用法。,A Day of

12、 Harvesting 這是一篇學(xué)生日記（a page from a students diary），日記本身不用加標(biāo)題，英文日記一般也要寫日期，但不必寫天氣如何。 keep a diary 堅(jiān)持記日記 Write an entry in ones diary. 寫一篇日記。 Today we began harvesting. 今天我們開(kāi)始收割。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)雖然是today，但因?yàn)橛浭龅氖虑槭钱?dāng)天已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的，所以動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 We got up at day break, and after an early breakfast we started off for the ric

13、e fields. 天剛亮我們就起了床，早早吃了早飯后就動(dòng)身去了稻田。 這是一個(gè)并列句，and連接兩個(gè)分句； start off意思是“動(dòng)身、出發(fā)”，start off for. 表示“出發(fā)去地方”。例如： They started off on their journey early in the morning. 他們一早就踏上了旅途。 Next week he will start off for Hong Kong on business. 下星期他將動(dòng)身前往香港出差。 同義的短語(yǔ)還有：start out for，leave for，set off for，set out for at

14、 day break 在黎明的時(shí)候 rice field 稻田 We got there after half an hours walk. 半個(gè)小時(shí)以后我們到達(dá)了那兒。 got = got to 指“到達(dá)了地方”，英語(yǔ)中在here或there等副詞前一般不加介詞。例如： go to a place 去一個(gè)地方 go there 去那兒 come here 來(lái)這兒 home的用法： home既可以作名詞也可以作副詞，作名詞的時(shí)候前面可以加介詞，比如： Is Mr Smith at home? 史密斯先生在家嗎？ Please make yourself at home. 請(qǐng)隨便些，就像在自己家

15、里一樣。（請(qǐng)別拘束。） home作副詞時(shí)和here，there一樣，前面不用介詞，比如：go home 回家；stay home 在家呆著；go, stay 都是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面跟地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)，一般都要加介詞，但是因?yàn)檫@里是home，所以不加介詞。 mandarin Chinese 普通話 mahjong 麻將牌,The fields around us looked like a golden sea. 周圍的稻田像一片金色的海洋。 介詞短語(yǔ)around us修飾前面的the fields； look like “看起來(lái)像”，look在這里作系動(dòng)詞，like是介詞，意思是“像”，后面跟名詞構(gòu)成

16、表語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中除be，seem和look以外常見(jiàn)的聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞還有：feel, get, taste, smell, sound, turn；聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞在使用中可以直接跟形容詞，例如： Silk feels very soft. 絲綢摸起來(lái)很軟。 One feels lonely as one gets old. 人老了會(huì)感到孤獨(dú)。 Swiss chocolate tastes wonderful. 瑞士巧克力味道好極了。 This flower smells sweet. 這花聞起來(lái)很香。 This idea sounds great. 這個(gè)主意聽(tīng)起來(lái)好極了。 The leaves turn yel

17、low in late autumn. 到了深秋，樹(shù)葉都變黃了。 和感官有關(guān)的聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞還經(jīng)常和介詞like連用（后面可接名詞），比如：look like / feel like / taste like / smell like / sound like I have never seen anything so beautiful! 從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣美的景色。 have seen是動(dòng)詞see的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；不定代詞anything在這里代指景色，因?yàn)榫渲杏衝ever，是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，所以不用something。 The farmers showed us how to cut the rice and

18、 how to tie the bundles. 動(dòng)詞show + 帶有疑問(wèn)詞的不定式短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)： The farmers showed us how to cut the rice and how to tie the bundles. 農(nóng)民教我們?cè)鯓痈畹竞驮鯓哟蚶Α?謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞showed后面跟有兩個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)，它們?cè)诰渲谐洚?dāng)showed的賓語(yǔ)成份，這兩個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)前分別帶有疑問(wèn)副詞how。 We worked in three groups. 介詞in表示“以方式，以手段”。例如： He wrote a letter in English. 他用英語(yǔ)寫信。 Will you pay in c

19、ash? 你付現(xiàn)款好嗎？,Faster, faster! We mustnt fall behind the others! 快點(diǎn)，再快點(diǎn)，我們不能落在別人后面! faster是副詞fast的比較級(jí)形式，意思是“再快點(diǎn)”，即“Lets work faster.”。 fall behind是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，意思是“落后”； others前面用了定冠詞the，表示“除了我們組以外的別人”，若沒(méi)有the，others就成了泛指。 Evening came before we realized it. 不知不覺(jué)地夜晚降臨了。 連詞before后面跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；it指代“evening came”這一情況。

20、 before we realized it 直譯是“在我們意識(shí)到傍晚來(lái)臨之前”，可以靈活地意譯成“在不知不覺(jué)中”。例如： We got to the railway station before we knew it. 不知不覺(jué)地我們已經(jīng)到了火車站。 Our clothes were wet with sweat. 我們的衣服被汗水浸濕了。 with表示原因，例如： Spring is gay with flower and song. Autumn is rich with fruit and grain. His face was red with anger. 他因?yàn)閼嵟鴿q紅了臉。

21、We harvested thirty mu altogether. 根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)音譯過(guò)來(lái)的單詞：mu 畝，類似根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)音譯過(guò)來(lái)的單位量詞一般都沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，英語(yǔ)中一般用英畝來(lái)表示田地的面積： an acre 英畝(相當(dāng)于6.07畝)；ten acres十英畝（英畝有復(fù)數(shù)形式） 英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的漢語(yǔ)外來(lái)語(yǔ)詞匯： kongfu 功夫 kowtow 叩頭（在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中一般表示“感謝”） mandarin “滿大人”，指中國(guó)人 mandarin Chinese 普通話 mahjong 麻將牌,AFTER SUPPER, What time is it now, Zhang Ling? Will there

22、be enough time for a bath? Yes, I think so. Its half past six. There is still half an hour to go. But youd better hurry up. Our study group is meeting at seven. Dont worry. Ill be back in twenty minutes. Dont forget to turn off the light before you go.,NOTES TO THE DIALOGUE,Yes, I think so. 在同意對(duì)方的話時(shí)

23、常?？梢哉f(shuō)“I think so”, so代表前面已說(shuō)的情況,例如: “Will Robert be here tonight?” “I think so.” “I very much want to see the film.” “You must hurry up if you want to do so.” There is still half an hour to go. to go指還剩多少時(shí)間,又如: There are only five minutes to go。 But youd better hurry up. had better是一種習(xí)慣說(shuō)法,had在這里不是過(guò)去時(shí)

24、態(tài),后面要接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。,Our study group is meeting at seven. 這里 is meeting 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。此句說(shuō)明的是一個(gè)將來(lái)發(fā)生的事，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為什么用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)呢? 這是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)除表示此時(shí)此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)外，有時(shí)還表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，尤其是go，come，stay，leave，start等動(dòng)詞，例如: Im going to a film in the evening. Hes coming to see you tomorrow. The meeting is starting soon. Both of us are

25、 leaving for Shanghai in a day or two.,Will there be enough time for a bath? 有時(shí)間洗個(gè)澡嗎？ (1) Will there be enough time for. / Will there be enough time to do. 有足夠的時(shí)間干嗎？例如： Will there be enough time for a few drinks? 還來(lái)得及喝上幾杯嗎？ Will there be enough time to make a few phone calls? 還有時(shí)間能打幾個(gè)電話嗎？ (2) take a

26、 bath / have a bath 洗澡（浴缸）；take a shower / have a shower 洗澡（淋?。?There is still half an hour to go. 還有半個(gè)鐘頭呢。 不定式to go作定語(yǔ)，指“剩余的時(shí)間”，例如：The term of the contract have another two months to go. 再過(guò)兩個(gè)月合同才到期。 動(dòng)詞go 的其他一些用法： The days went quickly. 日子過(guò)得很快。 The clock is still going. 這個(gè)鐘還在走著。（go表示“運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”） He went bl

27、ind in his old age. 到了老年他雙目失明了。（go表示“變得怎么樣”） Most of his salary went for food. 他工資的大部分都花在吃的上面了。（go表示“錢花在上面”） His wealth went to his son after he died. 他死后財(cái)產(chǎn)歸了他的兒子。（go表示“屬于，歸于”） Travelers checks go everywhere. 旅行支票各地都通用。（go表示“流通、通用”） go作名詞的一些用法： Its a go. 一言為定。（go表示“約定”） Its my go. 輪到我了。（go表示“輪到的機(jī)會(huì)”）

28、 But youd better hurry up. 可是你最好快一些。 youd better = you had better had better + 不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，表示“最好”（在口語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常與作主語(yǔ)的人稱代詞以縮合形式出現(xiàn)），例如： Wed better follow him. 我們最好跟著他。 Youd better not bother her. 你最好不要去打擾他。 Our study group is meeting at seven. 我們這個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)小組將于七點(diǎn)碰頭開(kāi)會(huì)。 在這一句中用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)。在英語(yǔ)中表示不久將要發(fā)生的事，尤其是預(yù)先想好的，可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

29、來(lái)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。 Ill be back in twenty minutes. 我二十分鐘以后回來(lái)。 介詞in表示“在一段時(shí)間以后”，這種用法多出現(xiàn)在將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中。 Dont forget to turn off the light before you go. 你走以前別忘了關(guān)燈。 before you go 是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。 turn off 關(guān)上（電源或水籠頭）；turn on 打開(kāi)。動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)可放在動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)之間或其后，例如： turn off the light / turn the light off 關(guān)燈 turn on the radio / tu

30、rn the radio on 打開(kāi)收音機(jī),1.不定式短語(yǔ)的句法作用,不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)可以擔(dān)任種種句子成分,它可以用作賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ),也可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),也可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ): 1) 作賓語(yǔ): 在某些動(dòng)詞(如like, want, decide, remember, begin, learn 等)后面常可用不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ),例如: We learned to do farm work there. Dont forget to turn off the light before you go. They decided to have a sports meet on June 5. 在某些

31、動(dòng)詞如 tell, show, know, teach后還可以用“疑問(wèn)詞(how, what, when, where 等)+不定式(短語(yǔ))”作賓語(yǔ),例如: Ill show you how to do it. Can you tell me how to get there? She didnt know where to get the book. 2) 構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ): 在某些動(dòng)詞如ask, tell, want, help 等后可以用“名詞(代詞)+不定式(或不定式短語(yǔ))”作賓語(yǔ),例如: They helped the peasants to get in the crops. The

32、teacher asked Wang Ying to translate the sentence. Tell him not to worry about his studies. 在另一些動(dòng)詞(如let, see, make, watch 等)后面也可用這種結(jié)構(gòu),但不用“to”,例如: The Party secretarys words made me think. One night Kao Yupao saw the landlord steal into the courtyard. The parents watched the children dance. 3) 作定語(yǔ): 不

33、定式短語(yǔ)可以用作定語(yǔ),一般都緊跟在它所修飾的名詞后面: The landlord gave the farmhands little to eat. Have you any questions to ask? Its time to start for the fields. 4) 作狀語(yǔ): She will come to see you this evening. They went there to see a basket ball match. 5) 作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ): It is good to do morning exercises every day. (作主語(yǔ)) My ide

34、a is to do the work in small groups.(作表語(yǔ)),2.介詞用法小結(jié),英語(yǔ)介詞很多,每個(gè)介詞又有很多用法,根據(jù)詞義大體上可以歸納為三類。 1) 表示位置關(guān)系的介詞,例如: in(在內(nèi)): What is there in the desk? He will speak about the political situation in Africa. on(在上面): Put the knife on that table. The students rooms are on the second floor. at(在某地點(diǎn)): Lets meet at the

35、 bus stop. A table stands at the window. out of(出來(lái)): Some Pioneers are coming out of a park. into(進(jìn)入): Lets go into the auditorium. around(在周圍): We are going to plant trees around the lake. behind(在后面): Who sits behind you? above(在上方): There is a picture above the blackboard. under(在下方): The children are playing under a huge pine tree. near(在附近): He is from a small town near Nanking. between(在兩者中間): There is going to be a football match between our college team and the Pek