1、By Wang Lanying Foreign Language Department,The Formation of Medical Vocabulary,A Course of Learning English for Medical Purposes,I. Target,1.Mastering medical language: vocabulary and discourse level learning,2. Practical application of medical communication: speaking and writing with ML,I. Target,

2、3. Nurture the sense of stylistic research,II. Methodology,1. Acquire the knowledge of word formation,2.Understand the medical language traits through reading,3. Observe and summarize the stylistic features,4. Active and energetic learning under the teachers guide,III. Course Arrangement,1.72 Teachi

3、ng periods,4/week,2.Eight Units this term,3.Required course and exam,4.Term achievements: based on assignments, quiz, class response, and final exam dynamically,Davi-Ellen Chamber says: Studying medical words is very similar to learning a new language. The words at first sound strange and complicate

4、d although they may stand for commonly known English terms. The words gastralgia, meaning “stomach ache”, and ophthalmologist, meaning eye doctor,are examples. The medical language is fascinatingly logical in that each term, complex or simple, can be broken down into its basic component parts and th

5、en understood.,What is medical language?,Basic elements of medical words,Most medical words are made from a combination of the following elements: the part of the word that we shall call the base (root /stem) because it contains the most fundamental meaning of that word, prefixes and suffixes, and v

6、owels (o/a) that join all these parts.,Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (45letters),Pneumono-ultra-microscopic-silico-volcano-coniosis,粉塵病,火山,硅/矽,超顯微的,肺的,It develops only after years of exposure to low levels of silica dust. 醫(yī)硅酸鹽沉著病,矽肺病 Symptoms include hyperventilation, coughing, dysph

7、onia (發(fā)聲困難), anorexia (厭食), chest pain and increased susceptibility to tuberculosis,Three major objectives to keep in mind as you study medical terminology. To analyze words structurally. Learn to divide words into basic elements such as roots, suffixes, prefixes, combining vowels, and combining for

8、ms.,gastr /o/ enter /o/ logy,root,root,suffix,Combining form,Electr /o/ cardi /o/ gram,root,root,root,combining vowel,combining vowel,心電圖,Combining forms,prefixes,suffixes,cyt/o : cell derm/o :skin bi/o : life aden/o :gland arthr/o : joint nephr/o :kidney hepat/o : liver leuk/o :white oste/o : bone,

9、epi- :above multi-: many poly-: many ex- : out endo- :inside trans- : across hyper-: excessive hypo- :deficient,-emia :blood condition -ectomy: excision -gram: record -cyte: cell -scope: instrument fro visually exam -itis: inflammation -ist : person specialized in -logy: process of study -oma: tumor

10、 -osis: abnormal condition -tomy: cutting,2. To correlate an understanding of word elements with the basic anatomy, physiology, and disease processes of the human body. Such as hemat /o/ logy means the study of the blood.,3. To be continually aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. Hepatoma: t

11、umor of the liver 肝細(xì)胞瘤 Hematoma: blood tumor 血腫,Oncology Nephrology Neurology Gastroenterology Nephritis Hepatitis Bronchitis Carcinoma Hematoma hepatoma,anatomy: process of cutting up gastrectomy: removal of the stomach arthrotomy: incision of a joint leukemia anemia erythremia Leukocytosis 白細(xì)胞增多 N

12、ecrosis 壞死 Erythrocytosis 紅細(xì)胞增多,The Roles of Pronunciation,Medical Terminology Systems Organs Tissues Cells,Endocrine syst.,Reproductive syst.,Mastery of Medical Words,Organs Tissues Cells,Distribution of vocabulary in medical literature,Essential voc.,Popular science voc.,Medical terms,The 2nd cate

13、gory (15%) : hepatitis, appendicitis, encephalopathy, immunodeficiency syndrome,The 3rd category (15%) : distill, dilute , dissolve, filtration, magnetization, dynamics, meteorology, pigmentation,The 1st category 70%: comment, investigate, study,Distribution of vocabulary,Medical Terminology,I. Conv

14、ersion II. derivative III. Compounding,opportunist 條件致病菌 physiology/-ist/ -gic asymptomatic antivirus radioimmunoelectrophoresis 放射免疫電泳,I. Conversion 詞義轉(zhuǎn)換：由普通詞匯轉(zhuǎn)換成專業(yè)詞匯； opportunist ; sympathetic block 交感神經(jīng)阻滯術(shù), sympathetic nerve , sympathomimetic 擬交感神經(jīng)藥； capsule 膠囊藥,被膜,Reservoir 貯主(zhu) To protect tr

15、achea from collapsing the uncompromised host 不易受感染的宿主 space occupying lesion 占位性病變,Derivatives,Prefix: ir- il- im- mis-,irregularity, irresistable illegal, illiterate immature immobile immodest immorality misbehavior mislead misfortune misstate mismanage,Prefix Dis/dys- dishonest dysphonia disorder

16、dyspnea disease in- inexperienced insufficiency inadequate inactivated,un- unconditioned reflex 非條件反射 undifferentiated cell leukemia 未分化細(xì)胞白血病 unresolved pneumonia 未吸收肺炎 unsaturated fatty acid 不飽和脂肪酸 unstable angina 不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛,none- nonsmoker nonelectrolyte nonstress test nonulcer dyspepsia nonspecific

17、immunity nonsense mutation nonself,非抽煙者 非電解質(zhì) 無應(yīng)激實驗 非潰瘍性消化不良 非特異性免疫 無義突變 非自我的,ex- exclusion excretion exhale ex- president ex-wife exclude,排斥 排泄 呼氣 前總統(tǒng) 前妻 排除在外,Suffix: n. reliance resistance existence coldness consciousness decision collision inclusion treatment encouragement,Adj. generous continuous

18、 miscellaneous congenital conspicuous scrupulous simultaneously apparently substantially,V.-en.(a.+ en) whiten widen fasten(tie) lengthen shorten worsen weaken brighten lighten,-al n. survival refusal arrival proposal withdrawal removal (but not: compose, compromise),Compounds,Roots Organs and their

19、 roots liver hepato/a- lung pulmono- kidney reno-/nephro- heart cardio- nerve neuro-,spleen splen(o) brain cerebro- head cephal(o) eye ophthalm/ skin dermo- ear oto-(otology) chest thorac/o- arteri/o artery vaso vessel,nose naso- / nasoantritis 鼻上頜竇炎 throat laryngo- Laryngitis 喉炎 Pharynx 咽 Pharyng (

20、o)- Pharyngectomy 咽切除,描述人體器官方位： Anterior anterior band of colon 結(jié)腸前帶 posterior posterior teeth 后牙 superior superior vena cava 上腔靜脈 inferior inferior thyroid artery 甲狀腺下動脈,inter- (between) interatrial 房間的 intra-(inside) intracellular endo-(intra- ) endocarditis poly-(many, much) polyarthritis multi-

21、(many, much) -multicuspid 多尖的 hyper-(high, extra) hypertension,hypo-(low,less) hypotension homo-( same) homolateral同側(cè)的 homograft hetero-(different) heteroantigen 異種抗原 dys-(not) dysplasia發(fā)育不良,dyspnea 呼吸困難 dysphonia 發(fā)聲困難 counter- 對抗，抑制 countercurrent 逆流 counterbalance 等衡 psycho- 精神/心理 psychology psych

22、iatry psychobiology,thrombo-血栓 thrombolymphangitis 血栓性淋巴管炎 Thromboendocarditis 血栓性心內(nèi)膜炎 meningo- 腦膜，腦脊膜 meningoencephalomyelitis 腦脊膜腦脊髓炎,lympho- lymphocytopenia 淋巴細(xì)胞減少 radio- radionuclide- angiocardiography 放射性核素心血管造影術(shù) immuno- immunosuppression,electro- electrosynthesis 電合成 staphylo- 葡萄，懸雍垂 staphylot

23、oxin 葡萄球菌毒素 staphyloplasty 懸雍垂成形術(shù),Strepto- Streptococcus Streptomycin Osteo bone osteocystoma 骨囊瘤 Lumb/o lumbar lumbodynia 腰痛 lumbocostal 腰肋的,Suffix: -itis (inflammation) hepatitis bronchitis nephritis colitis gastritis appendicitis otitis endocarditis panarthritis 多發(fā)性關(guān)節(jié)炎,-ectomy (removal) splenectomy appendectomy pharyngectomy -graphy（照像術(shù)） cephalography 測顱術(shù) cardiography 心動描記法,- gram 照片 cardiogram 心動圖 -scope (glass) ophthalmoscope stethoscope microscope telescope microscope telescope,-cyte( cell) leukocyte myocyte -coccus 球菌 staphylococci 葡萄球菌