1、語言學(xué)教程,胡壯麟,Welcome to Linguistics,Why do we study linguistics?,The core component of the English major. The indispensable element of the whole knowledge system for those who study language. Can deepen your understanding about language. Strengthen the ability to find the essence of language through so

2、me language phenomenon. The subject in the entrance examination of MA. Close relationship with your future career.,Difficulties,Too many terms to memorize Too difficult to understand Too tedious to like it,How to study?,Preview and review Answer the questions at the end of each chapter by yourself.

3、Memorize the important terms based on your understanding. Find something you are interested in and prepare for your thesis.,Research Approach of Linguistics,Collection and Observation of Language Facts Generalization Hypotheses Hypotheses Checked,Our goal,Have a general understanding of linguistics.

4、 Grasp the basic terms in the field of linguistics. Construct a good foundation for further study. Gradually study linguistics by yourselves, esp. for the graduation thesis and future MA exams,1.1 What is linguistics?,Definition of linguistics,-Linguistics is the scientific study of language. -A per

5、son who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.,Linguistics to be is bound an academically and economically favored pursuit. It is also a subject of theoretical importance, for one thing ,structuralism originating from Saussures views has influenced many other related social sciences such as lit

6、erary studies and social studies.,The Scope or Branches of Linguistics,General linguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Uses of linguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Applied linguistics ,General linguistics,Phonetics-speech sound (description, classification, t

7、ranscription): articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics. Phonology-sound patterns of languages Morphology-the form of words Syntax-the rules governing the combination of words into sentence. Semantics-the meaning of language Pragmatics-the meaning of language in the context of

8、language use,Uses of linguistics,Sociolinguistics- social factors (e.g. class, education) affecting language use Psycholinguistics-linguistic behavior and psychological process Applied linguistics-linguistics and language teaching,Some important distinctions in linguistics,Descriptive vs prescriptiv

9、e,Descriptive - describe/analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use (modern linguistic) Prescriptive -lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar),Synchronic vs diachronic,Synchronic study- description of a language at some point of

10、time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study- description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time),Speech vs writing,Speech - primary medium of language Writing - later developed,Langue vs parole,Langue - the abstract linguistic system shared by all members

11、 of the speech community. Parole - the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.,Competence and performance,Competence - the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language Performance - the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.,Traditional grammar vs modern linguist