1、初高中英語銜接,語音教學(xué),26個(gè)英文字母及發(fā)音音標(biāo),tsdz trdr,bp td kg fv sz ,l r h,w j,m n ,aiei ii u auu,i: i u:u : : : e ,20輔音,3,2,3,20元音,國(guó)際音標(biāo)教學(xué)法圖示,Semi-vowels,半元音/w/ /j/ / w / 與 / j / 是兩個(gè)半元音，因?yàn)樗鼈兊陌l(fā)音位置都與有關(guān)元音的發(fā)音位置有關(guān)系。/ w / 是個(gè)雙唇音。 we week whether wire wound language persuade / j / 是個(gè)舌面音 yes youth use union Europe new,Nasal

2、consonants,4. 鼻音 / m /, / n /, / / / m /, money make mouth firm harm / n /, no noun nail learn coin pain nice / / wing king bring sing a song a long string,Lateral consonant,5. 舌邊音 /l/ (有兩種發(fā)音) A. 如果在元音字母前面, 發(fā)音“clear l ”（“清晰的 l ”）。舌端抵上齒槽, 舌前部向硬顎抬起, 讓氣流從舌兩旁的空隙處流過, 所以叫舌側(cè)音, 也叫旁流音或邊音。 long leave lion loc

3、k color follow B. 如果 / l / 在輔音前面或詞尾, 發(fā) （“模糊的 l ”）音. apple girl ball meal bell sail rule,Rules of reading,讀音規(guī)則 (Rules of reading)： 字母的名稱音和它的發(fā)音是兩回事。至于某個(gè)字母在某個(gè)單詞中究竟發(fā)什么音，則取決于這個(gè)字母在這個(gè)詞中前后和什么字母結(jié)合,根據(jù)這個(gè)字母在詞中所處的不同位置而發(fā)出不同的音來。究竟應(yīng)該如何發(fā)音是有一些規(guī)律可循的, 將這些規(guī)律歸納起來, 就成為讀音規(guī)則。,Syllables,音節(jié) (Syllables): 音節(jié)是包含一個(gè)元音或一個(gè)元音跟別的輔音結(jié)合而

4、成的發(fā)音單位。在英語中元音特別響亮, 一個(gè)元音可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié), 一般來說,元音可以構(gòu)成音節(jié), 輔音不響亮, 不能構(gòu)成音節(jié)。 英語的詞有一個(gè)音節(jié)的，兩個(gè)音節(jié)的，多個(gè)音節(jié)的，一個(gè)音節(jié)叫單音節(jié)，兩個(gè)音節(jié)叫雙音節(jié)，三個(gè)音節(jié)以上叫多音節(jié)。 確定音節(jié)時(shí), 一不能只看字母的數(shù), 二不能只看有沒有元音字母, 而是要看有沒有元音。,1、重讀音節(jié) 任何雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)單詞的音標(biāo)中，有重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié) ，哪一個(gè)音節(jié)重讀，該音節(jié)的左上方或該音節(jié)的元音上方標(biāo)有重讀符號(hào)“”。 2、濁化音 以sp_, st_, sk_開頭的單詞清輔音/p/ /t/ /k/分別要發(fā)濁輔音/b/ /d/ /g/。 3、定冠詞the的讀音

5、在以輔音音素開頭的單詞之前讀作/ /，如：the day, the key), the house 在以元音音素開頭的單詞前要發(fā)/ i:/ 的音，如：the end, the hour, the inside,Attention !,4、不完全爆破(Incomplete explosion) 爆破音p b t d k g 后面緊跟另一個(gè)爆破音時(shí)，前面的那個(gè)爆破音只在口腔內(nèi)形成阻礙，而不能完全讀出。 baske(t)ball a(c)tor, bla(ck)board Si(t) down. I can(t) come. I don(t) believe he is a ba(d) boy. T

6、he girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people. Wha(t) time does he get up every morning? This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car. The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too. What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?,英語詞性的分類及用法,1.He

7、 shouted louder to the runners, but he still couldnt make _ heard. A. him B. himself C. them D. themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ sides of the river. A. every B. both C. either D. all 3.She has three good friends. One is a doctor; _ are teachers of Chinese. A. another B. the other two C.

8、 other D. others,Exercises,1._(我) am a worker. _(你) are a doctor. _(她) is a teacher. 2.This is_ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is _(我的)pen. 4._(他們的) trousers are there. 5. I like this picture. Please give _(它) to_(我). 6. People get _(他們的) money from_(我). 7._(他們) are new students. _(他們的) names are Lucy and Lily

9、. 8. These are _(我們的) shoes. Can _(我們) wear _(它們)? 9Thank _ for _(你的) help.,I,You,my,his,She,Their,their,me,it,They,Their,me,our,them,we,your,you,根據(jù)所給單詞的正確形式填空： 1. Different people may have different _. (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a p

10、air of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any in the box? (watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month) 8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. September 10th is Day. (teacher) 12. Jim has some . (knife

11、) 13. How much are these ? (vegetable) 14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,vegetables,minutes,Lucys,句子成分及劃分,一、介紹與其重要性,句子是寫作的基本單位，只有寫好句子才有可能寫好文章。英語的句子

12、成分有八種：,主語、謂語動(dòng)詞、賓語、表語、 定語、狀語、主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。,學(xué)會(huì)判斷句子成分對(duì)以后學(xué)習(xí)難句奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 英語句子的構(gòu)成也有其特定的規(guī)律，掌握了句子 的基本句型、常見句式和詞語的習(xí)慣搭配， 就能寫出完整、正確的句子。,句子成分詳解表,英語的句子成分：,一） 主語（subject）：句子說明的人或事物。 Walls have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Smoking is not allowed in public pl

13、aces. What he needs is a book.,名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,to do不定式,動(dòng)名詞,句子,英語的句子成分：,二）謂語(predicate) 由_擔(dān)任。助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài) 動(dòng)詞加其他動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式也構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞。 Action speaks louder than words. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.,動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞短語,簡(jiǎn)單謂語,復(fù)合謂語,My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. seeing i

14、s believing. The picture is on the wall. Three times five is fifteen. His plan is to seek work in the city. the truth is that he has never been abroad.,三）表語(predicative): 它的位置在_之后。是用來說明主語的_,_, _的.,系動(dòng)詞,性質(zhì),特征,狀態(tài),n.,pron.,adj.,prep.,num.,to do不定式,句子,V-ing,（四）賓語 表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，是動(dòng)作的承受者。賓語一般放在_之后。_詞后也會(huì)跟賓語。,I lik

15、e English. I dont like it. I enjoy working with you. Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need know what others are doing.,動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞短語,介詞,n.,pron.,V-ing,num.,to do不定式,句子,（五）定語 是修飾_詞.單詞作定語時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的名詞之_；短語和從句作定語時(shí)則放在它所修飾的名詞之_。,They are woman workers. Toms father is a teacher. Mary is a

16、beautiful girl. The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have nothing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.,名,前,后,n.,名詞所有格,adj,num.,序數(shù)詞 /to do 不定式,現(xiàn)在分詞 doing,to do 不定式,從句,六）狀語 狀語表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、伴隨情況等。,The best fi

17、sh swim near the bottom. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late because of the traffic jam . Well send a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , leaving only bones The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. If he goes, so will I . Though he is a child,

18、 he knows a lot.,地點(diǎn)狀語,時(shí)間狀語,原因狀語,目的狀語,結(jié)果狀語,伴隨狀語,條件狀語,讓步狀語,七）賓語補(bǔ)足語。英語有些及物動(dòng)詞，除了要有賓語之外，還要加上賓語補(bǔ)足語，才能使句子的意義完整。,They elected me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the ho

19、use broken in. We will soon make our city what your city is now.,名詞,形容詞,介詞短語,to do 不定式,現(xiàn)在分詞 doing,done 過去分詞,從句,八）主語補(bǔ)足語 如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，原賓語成為主語，原賓語補(bǔ)足語相應(yīng)地變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語,I was elected captain of the team. Our country will be made strong.,與賓語補(bǔ)足語一樣,Examples: Oh！What is that！（驚嘆詞） He has，alas，failed again Come here

20、，John（呼語） Roll on，Ocean，roll on,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。這種成分和句子的其他詞沒有語法的關(guān)系。,獨(dú)立成分,（You） Come here （I wish you）Good luck！ Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggs He runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and P

21、eter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分,連接成分,連接成分實(shí)際上是一個(gè)連詞，用來連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)平行的詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做并列連詞。 另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個(gè)句子、且一個(gè)句子從屬于另一個(gè)句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫從屬連詞。從屬連詞主要用于引導(dǎo)各種從句。 一個(gè)完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含2個(gè)到4個(gè)基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個(gè)或更多其他的句子成分。,記憶口訣,主謂賓表定狀補(bǔ)，解釋說明同位語。 句子主干主謂賓（表），枝葉成分定狀補(bǔ)。 定語修飾名詞代，狀修動(dòng)詞還有副。

22、 主謂人稱數(shù)一致，賓語之后常有補(bǔ)。,Exercises：,劃分下列句子成分,1. The machine doesnt work. 2. He is an honest student. 3. The silk feels soft. 4. I have a lot of friends here. 5. Tom lent me 200 dollars. 6. I saw him writing a letter. 7. I find maths difficult. 8. We call her Lily. 9. Father asked me to turn off the TV.,主,謂

23、,賓,定,狀,表,賓補(bǔ),主,系,an honest,表,主,系,主,謂,主,主,主,主,主,謂,謂,謂,謂,謂,間 賓,直賓,賓,賓補(bǔ),賓補(bǔ),賓補(bǔ),賓,賓,賓,主語,謂語,賓語,定語,狀語,表語,賓補(bǔ),n/pron.,n./pron.,Adj.,Adv.,n./adj.,n./adj./to do /doing,V,beautiful,surprised,to,are,seems,went,Correct mistakes: 1. Her voice sounds beautifully. 2. The whole company was surprising at the news. 3.

24、To see is believe. 4. It seem like a good idea. 5. The lights still on. 6. All the potatoes changed bad. 7. Jim was remained a worker.,1.Is this raincoat yours? No, mine_ there behind the door. is hanging B. is hung C. hangs D. was hung,Exercises:,2. _ your head, and youll see the sun_ now. Raise; r

25、ising Raise; raising C. To raise, rising D. Lift; being risen,3. More than a dozen students in that school_ abroad to study medicine last year. （上海） A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent,4. The heros story_ differently in the newspaper. （全國(guó)I、II） A. was reported B. was reporting C. Report

26、s D. reported,按句子功能可以分為： 陳述句 疑問句 祈使句 感嘆句,按句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為： 簡(jiǎn)單句 并列句 復(fù)合句,簡(jiǎn)單句Simple Sentences: 含有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）的句子。 He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. He went up to the door,opened it and entered.,簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型:,主語+謂語+賓語 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語,動(dòng)詞,系動(dòng)詞,不及物動(dòng)詞,及物動(dòng)

27、詞,主語+系+表語,主語+謂語,1主語 + 謂語（S+Vi）,1）Everything changes. 2）The plane has already arrived.,S,Vi,S,復(fù)合謂語,1）She looks young. 2）The city will become rich. 在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的系動(dòng)詞是： “狀態(tài)”類： “變化”類：_. “感官”類: _. “持續(xù)”類：_. 其他：（似乎）_ _ (證明是)_,get/ become/ turn/grow/go,taste/ smell/ feel/look/sound,stay/ keep/remain/continue,Se

28、em appear,turn out/ prove(to be),2主語 + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語,be,3主語 + 謂語 + 賓語,1.The boss employed five more workers. S Vt O 2.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. 3.Few students like taking exams. 4.He forgot to close the door. 5.I hope I can speak English fluently.,4主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語,1）He has fetc

29、hed us some new textbooks. S Vt IO DO 2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal. S Vt IO DO 3）The man told the girl that he wants to go now. 4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.,5主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語,1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this. 主語 謂語 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語 2）I will keep the box in the shade. 3）We f

30、ound him a very good student. 4）She let me stay in the company.,記憶口訣,英語句子千千萬，五大句型把線牽。 句型種類看動(dòng)詞，后接成分是關(guān)鍵。 系動(dòng)詞后接表語，不及物后無需連。 及物又可分三類，單賓雙賓最常見。 還有賓語補(bǔ)足語，各種搭配記心間。,1. I can swim. 2.I like English. 3.They are reading books . 4.He bought a computer last week. 5.My mother is a scientist. 6.The food goes bad 7.My

31、 mother bought me a dictionary yesterday.,Exercises：指出下列句子的基本句型,8.Can you give me the math book? 9.Will you tell us something about your school life? 10.We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 11.My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible. 12.I heard her singing happily in the room ju

32、st now.,Exercises：,并列句的簡(jiǎn)單認(rèn)識(shí),2、并列句Compound Sentences 包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子且句子之間有并列連詞and/but等或用分號(hào)連接。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous.,常用并列連詞coordinating conjunctions,平行并列連詞: 轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞： 因果并列連詞: 選擇并列連詞:,and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and then,but, howe

33、ver, while, yet,for, so,or, eitheror, neither nor,復(fù)合句 Complex Sentences,復(fù)合句是在簡(jiǎn)單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。 復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從句： 1. 主語從句 2. 賓語從句 3. 表語從句 4. 定語從句 5. 狀語從句 6. 同位語從句,狀語從句： 用來修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞，形容詞和副詞的從句。,分類： 時(shí)間狀語從句，條件狀語從句， 原因狀語從句，結(jié)果狀語從句， 比較狀語從句，目的狀語從句， 讓步狀語從句，地點(diǎn)狀語從句,1時(shí)間狀語從句 常

34、用when , as , before, while , after, since, till , until , as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo)。,e.g.(1) It was raining hard when I got to school yesterday. (2) While he was doing his homework,the telephone rang. (3) As he walked along the lake, he sang happily. (4) He had learned a little Chinese before he came to Chin

35、a. (5) After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.,2條件狀語從句 常由 if，as (so) long as 和 unless 引導(dǎo)。 注意： 謂語動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。,e.g. (1)Ill help you with English if I am here toorrow. (2)He wont be late unless he is ill.,3原因狀語從句 由 because，as，since 或復(fù)合連接詞 now that，in that 等引導(dǎo)。(注意：for 是連詞，雖然

36、也可以表示“因?yàn)椤?，但其后所接的是并列句中的一個(gè)獨(dú)立句，而非從句。),e.g. (1) He didnt come to school beause he was ill. (2) As it is raining, we shall no go to the zoo. (3) Since we have no money, we cant buy the car.,4結(jié)果狀語從句 由 so that，so.that，such.that 等引導(dǎo)。,特別提醒：so.that 與 such.that 的區(qū)別在于：前者的省略號(hào)處是形容詞或副詞，而后者的省略號(hào)處最終是一個(gè)名詞。“最終”的意思是，該名詞

37、前也可以出現(xiàn)形容詞甚至出現(xiàn)修飾形容詞的副詞，但整個(gè)詞組的中心詞是這個(gè)名詞。,5比較狀語從句 由 than，as.as 引導(dǎo)。 e.g. (1) Tom runs faster than John does. (2) his classroom is as big as that one.,6目的狀語從句 由so that，in order that，in case 等引導(dǎo)。,特別提醒：這類從句常常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 may/might，can/could，should 等，以保證語氣通順自然。,7讓步狀語從句 由 though，although，even if，even though，however，no matter how/what/who 等