1、動詞的被動語態(tài),Speakers: Amy 在句中作狀語時(shí)，可以改為一個(gè)狀語從句，從句的謂語應(yīng)用被動語態(tài);還可以在句子中作主語、賓語等。,例如： 1.Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (= Youll find the topic which is being discussed everywhere.) 你會發(fā)現(xiàn)到處都在討論這個(gè)話題。 (作定語)2 .Being used, the machine cant be lent to others. (= As it is being used, the machine cant b

2、e lent to others. 因?yàn)檎诒皇褂弥赃@臺機(jī)器不能借給別人。 (作原因狀語) 3.Being criticized helped him see things more clearly. 他受到批評后對一些事情看得比較明白些了。 (作主語) 4.I still remember being taken to Shanghai when I was a child. 我還記得小時(shí)候曾被帶到上海。 (作賓語),動詞-ing形式被動語態(tài)的完成式,結(jié)構(gòu)：having been + P.P. 表示一個(gè)被動的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前已經(jīng)完成了。在句子中，通常作狀語，可以改為一個(gè)狀

3、語從句。 例如：Having been shown around the labs, we were taken to see the library. (= After we had been shown around the labs, we were taken to see the library. 參觀了實(shí)驗(yàn)室之后，我們被帶去參觀圖書館。(作時(shí)間狀語),四含有名詞性從句的被動語態(tài) 帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態(tài)時(shí)，通常用it來作為 被動句的形式主語，賓語從句則變成了主語從句。 這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為“主語+be+過去分詞+動詞不定式”形式。 Leonardo da Vinci_ birds

4、 kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. A.is said to be buying B.is said to have bought C.had said to buy D.has said to have bought Key:B,常見的含有名詞性從句的被動結(jié)構(gòu)的句型有,It is said that. 據(jù)說 It is ordered that. 根據(jù)命令 It is reported that. 據(jù)報(bào)道 It is well known that. 眾所周知 It is announced t

5、hat. 據(jù)宣布 It must be admitted that. 必須承認(rèn) It is required that. 根據(jù)要求 It must be pointed out that. 必須指出 It is generally considered that. 大家認(rèn)為.,五. 被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的省略形式,在when，while，if，unless，though等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間、條件或讓步狀語從句中，如果從句的主語和主句的主語一致，從句又含有be動詞時(shí)，?？梢允÷詮木涞闹髡Z和be動詞。 The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every

6、day. A.watered B.watering C.water D.to water 解析：從句的主語和主句的主語一致，且和water之間是動賓關(guān)系，故可以省略從句的主語和be動詞，故答案選A。,六主動表被動 1.表示狀態(tài)特征的系動詞look,feel,taste,sound, smell,seem,appear等常接形容詞或名詞作表語。 The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. A.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels 解析：由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，應(yīng)保持主從句

7、時(shí)態(tài)的一致性；feel是系動詞， 只能用主動形式表示被動的含義。故答案選C。,2.表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞， 如：read，write，sell，open，shut，begin，wash， wear，cut，lock，pack,act,draw,iron,dry,eat, heat,clean等,與副詞well,smoothly,easily等連用時(shí)， 說明主語內(nèi)在的“性能”、“特點(diǎn)”，常用主動代替被動。 Books of this kind _ well. A.sell B.sells C.are sold D.is sold 解析：這種書很好賣，是說明主語內(nèi)在的性能與特點(diǎn)， 所以應(yīng)用主

8、動形式表示被動含義；而句子的主語是books， 謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故答案選A。 3.少數(shù)動詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)的主動式表示被動含義， 這時(shí)句子的主語必須是無生命的物體。這些動詞有build， print，cook，hang，fry，make等. 例：The dinner is cooking. 正在燒飯。,4.need，want，require，stand，bear，deserve等詞 后面常接主動的V-ing形式表示被動意義。 As a result of the serious flood， two-thirds of the buildings in the area _. A.need re

9、pairing B.needs to repair C.needs repairing D.need to repair 解析：當(dāng)句子的主語buildings是動作承受者時(shí)， need后接V-ing形式或者后接不定式的被動式，故答案選A。 5.動詞不定式在某些作表語的形容詞后，用主動形式表示被動含義。 當(dāng)動詞不定式作表語形容詞easy， difficult，hard，comfortable等的狀語，又與句 子的主語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系時(shí)，動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。 This question is difficult to answer.,6.動詞不定式在某些作賓語補(bǔ)足語的形容詞后， 用主動形

10、式表示被動含義。當(dāng)動詞不定式在某些作賓語補(bǔ) 足語的形容詞easy，difficult，hard等后，又與句子的賓語 構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系時(shí)，動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。 We find the man hard to get along with. 注意：如果這類句子形容詞的意思不完全時(shí)， 其不定式如有被動意義，仍必須用被動形式。 All invaders are sure to be punished. 所有侵略者都必定受到懲罰。在“This(That) is +名詞” 的句型中，修飾表語的不定式用主動形式表示被動意義。 This is a hard question to answer. 7

11、.不定式作名詞或代詞的后置定語， 動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。 Ill give the students some good books to read.,8.在be worth doing結(jié)構(gòu)中， 用V-ing分詞形式表示被動含義。 The song is well worth listening to a second time. 9.不定式to let，to seek，to blame（應(yīng)受責(zé)備）， to decide on用主動形式表示被動含義。Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy， saying that he

12、 was not the one _. A.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed 解析： be to blame表示按職責(zé)、義務(wù)要求要發(fā)生 的動作，意為“應(yīng)受譴責(zé)、應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任”，故答案選C。 10.作定語用的不定式的邏輯主語如果是句中主語或賓語時(shí)， 就用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。 I have a lot of work to do. (主語I是不定式to do的邏輯主語),七：不能用被動語態(tài)的情況,1.不能用被動語態(tài)的動詞及動詞短語。如：cost，fit，suit，benefit，lack，happen to do sth，last，spre

13、ad，belong to，break out，run out，go out，shut off，take place，work out，lose heart，consist of. appear, die， disappear, end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand， have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch， agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer fro

14、m, take part in, walk into， come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart After the fire, very little remained of my house.,比較： rise, fall, happen是不及物動詞；raise, seat是及物動詞。 (錯(cuò)) The price has been risen. (對) The price has risen. (錯(cuò)) The accident was happened last week. (對) The accident happened last

15、 week. (錯(cuò)) The price has raised. (對) The price has been raised. (錯(cuò)) Please seat. (對) Please be seated. With the rapid growth of the population，the city _ in all directions in the past few years. A.spreads B.has spread C.has been spread D.had spread 解析：spread用主動形式表示被動含義，又由時(shí)間 狀語in the past few years可知

16、，句中應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故答案選B。,2.系動詞無被動語態(tài)：,appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good. 3.帶同源賓語的及物動詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能 用于被動語態(tài)：die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. 4. 當(dāng)賓語是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動語態(tài)。 (錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her. (對)

17、She likes to swim.,1.只有及 物動詞能構(gòu)成被動語態(tài), 不及物動詞 不能構(gòu)成被動語態(tài). What will happen in 100 years 2.某些不及 物 動詞與介詞.副詞搭配構(gòu)成短.語動詞, 帶有 賓語時(shí),則有了動作的承受者,這時(shí)應(yīng)把它們 看作一個(gè)整體,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài),不能丟掉其中 的介詞,常用的有 look after,take care of, cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl. The little girl is a

18、lways taken care of by Catherine.,3.有 些動詞短語本身即是被動語態(tài)的形式, 不 要再加by 短語, 常用的有 be covered with be surprised at be interested in be worried about be made of/from be known to 4.某些動詞形式是主動語態(tài), 但含有 被動的意思： 如sell,cost,etc. eg. This dictionary sells well.,5.主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的相互變化關(guān)系 主動句: 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 (動作執(zhí)行者) (動作承受者) 被動句: 主

19、語 +謂語動詞的被動形式+ by + 動作執(zhí)行者 (動作承受者) 1）主動句如何變?yōu)楸粍泳?a.找到動作的承受者(常為主動句的賓語)作被動句的主語. b.找到謂語變?yōu)閎e + 過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu). c.找到動作的執(zhí)行者(常為主動句的主語)作 by 的賓語. 若不必指出動作的執(zhí)行者,可省去 by 短語. d.確定be動詞的時(shí)態(tài).數(shù). 例如: She makes the beautiful kites. -The beautiful kites are made by her. (被動句),2）被動句如何變?yōu)橹鲃泳? a.找到動作的執(zhí)行者(常為被動句的賓語)作主動句的主語. b.找到be+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)

20、還原為及物動詞原形. c.找到動作的承受者(常為被動句的主語)作主動句的賓語. d.確定及物動詞的時(shí)態(tài).數(shù)(注意)在以上轉(zhuǎn)換中, 代詞作主語用主格, 代詞作賓語用賓格. 6.主動語態(tài)中有些動詞如:make,see,listen, watch,feel后 常跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語, 變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)要帶上to He made the boy work for him. The boy was made to work for him.,7. 有些動詞可以帶雙賓語 在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)， 主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時(shí)，直接賓語仍 然保留在謂語后面；直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時(shí)， 間接賓語前通常加上介詞

21、for/to 例：He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.在記者招待會上人們問了他很多問題 His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday. He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式， 主動語態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，須加上to 。 例：make somebody do something somebody+ be +made to do something The bos

22、s made the little boy do heavy work. The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.,9 在there be 句中修飾主語的不定式，用主動形式表或 被動形式都可以，只是在口語中多用主動形式。 There are many questions to discuss/to be discussed. 但在nothing, anything 和something之后， 使用兩種語態(tài)表示的意義有所不同。 There is nothing to do. 沒有事可做。 There is nothing to b

23、e done. 沒有辦法。 10 以人作主語時(shí)，worthy后的不定式用主動形式 和被動形式都可以，但二者的意義不同。 He is worthy to take this position. 他配擔(dān)任他的職務(wù)。(不定式的動作是句中主語發(fā)出的) He is not worthy to be chosen. 他不配當(dāng)選。 (不定式的動作不是句中主語發(fā)出的),11.以-able 或ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞可表示被動意義。 These tickets are available for one month. 這些票可用一個(gè)月。 有些介詞短語用作表語或定語時(shí)，可以表示被動意義。 The thief is

24、under arrest. = The thief has been arrested. 12 當(dāng)不定式或動詞的-ing形式與其邏輯主語之間 構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系時(shí)，要用其用被動式。其形式歸納如下：,（1）Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to takeC. being taken D. taking 【分析】答案選A。句子主語Little Jim與take是被動關(guān)系， “被帶去看戲”發(fā)生在“想(should love=want)”后，所以用不定式的被動式作賓語。（2）After he became conscious, he remembered _ and _ on the head with a rod. A. to attack; hit B. to be attacked; to be hitC. attacking; be hit D. having been attacked; hit 【分析】特殊情況：“remember”接動名詞的一般式或完成式 均表示“記得已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事”，句子的主語he與并列的attack， hit是被動關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)選D。