1、科技論文的選題、寫作和評價 崔金鐘,科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu)The structure of scientific paper,題目 Title 作者 Author 作者單位和地址 Affiliation and address 摘要 Abstract 關(guān)鍵詞 Key words 引言 Introduction 材料與方法 Materials and methods 結(jié)果 Results 討論 Discussion 致謝 Acknowledgments (optional) 引文 References 附錄 Appendices(optional),The IMRAD article: Introduc

2、tion, Methods, Results And Discussion,Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion,摘要,摘要是論文的內(nèi)容不加注釋和評論的簡短陳述 作用：讓讀者盡快了解論文的主要內(nèi)容為科技情報人員和計算機檢索提供方便 內(nèi)容：目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論,引言,目的是向讀者交代本研究的來龍去脈，其作用在于喚起讀者的注意，使讀者對論文先有一個總體的了解。 引言包含的內(nèi)容： 研究的理由、目的和背景 理論依據(jù)、實驗基礎(chǔ)和研究方法 預(yù)期的結(jié)果及其地位、作用和意義,Introduction,The introd

3、uction defines the subject of the report. It must outline the scientific purpose(s) or objective(s) for the research performed and give the reader sufficient background to understand the rest of the report. Care should be taken to limit the background to whatever is pertinent to the experiment,Intro

4、duction,Why was this study performed? observations and literature What knowledge already exists about this subject? confirmations,conflicts,and gaps What is the specific purpose of the study? hypotheses and experimental design,Introduction,It is the width and shape of the boxes that is important The

5、 structure is governed by the Results box Introduction begins much broader: making firm contact with the selected audience, at the logical contact point Between start and end of Intro, background info. and previous work are woven together to justify the study Introduction ends with the aim of the pr

6、esent study,Introduction : the five stages,1. General statements about the field of research to provide the reader with a setting or context for the problem to be reported and claim its centrality 2. More specific statements about the aspects of the problem already studied by other researchers, layi

7、ng a foundation of information already known 3. Statements that indicate the need for more investigation to create a gap or research niche for the present study 4. Very specific statements giving the purpose or objective of the authors study 5. Optional statement(s) that give a value or justificatio

8、n for carrying out the study,Spatial Distribution of Litter and Microarthropods in a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem,1In most deserts of the world, transitions between topographic elements are abrupt and watercourses which are dry most of the time tend to dissipate their occasional waters within local b

9、asins. 2Occasional torrential rainfall, characteristic of most desert regions, washes loose debris into watercourses or transports this material, depositing it in and along the shores of ephemeral lakes. 3These physical processes result in a redistribution of dead plant material (litter), affect the

10、 distribution of soil water and create a heterogeneous biotic community. 4Therefore, before the dynamics of desert ecosystems can be adequately understood, the spatial relationships must be clarified.,5There have been few studies of litter distribution and/or soil fauna in any of the worlds deserts

11、(Wallwork, 1976). 6Wood (1971) surveyed the soil fauna in a number of Australian arid and semi-arid ecosystems. 7Wallwork (1972) made some studies of the microarthropod fauna in the Californian Mojave desert and Edney et al. (1974, 1975, 1976) studied abundance and distribution of soil microarthropo

12、ds in the Mojave desert in Nevada. 8In the Chihuahuan desert, Whitford et al. (1975, 1976, 1977) described the spatial relationships for many groups of organisms, but soil microarthropods remain unstudied. 9The lack of such information represents a gap in our knowledge of desert ecosystems. 10As par

13、t of our continuing program of studies of the structure and dynamics of Chihuahuan desert ecosystems, we designed the study reported here to understand the relation-ship between litter redistribution and the spatial distribution and composition of the soil microarthropod community.,引言,引言要寫得深入淺出，以使大部

14、分本專業(yè)的讀者都能看懂，即使你的正文或許只有少數(shù)專家才能看懂。 作者不應(yīng)表示謙意 如實評述，防止吹噓自己和貶低別人,Introduction,Style: Use the active voice as much as possible. Some use of first person is okay, but do not overdo it. Structure: an inverted triangle - the broadest part at the top representing the most general information and focusing down t

15、o the specific problem you studied,實驗材料和方法,目的和作用 結(jié)果得出的準確性和嚴謹性；可重復(fù)驗證 材料的表達主要指對材料的來源、性質(zhì)和數(shù)量，以及材料的選取和處理等事項的闡述。 方法的表達主要指對實驗的儀器、設(shè)備，以及實驗條件和測試方法等事項的闡述 實驗過程描述,Methods and Materials,Function: You explain clearly how you carried out your study in the following general structure: The subjects used Description o

16、f the sdudy site The experimental design The protocol for collecting data How the data were analyzed,Methods and Materials,Style: It read as if you were verbally describing the conduct of the experiment. You may use the active voice to a certain extent, although this section requires more use of thi

17、rd person, passive constructions than others. Avoid use of the first person in this section. Remember to use the past tense throughout. The Methods section is not a step-by-step, directive, protocol as you might see in your lab manual.,實驗結(jié)果,包括給出結(jié)果，并對結(jié)果進行定量或定性的分析。 寫作要點：以圖、表等手段整理實驗結(jié)果，通過數(shù)理統(tǒng)計和誤差分析說明結(jié)果的可

18、靠性、再現(xiàn)性和普遍性，進行實驗結(jié)果與理論計算結(jié)果的比較，說明結(jié)果的適用對象和范圍，分析不符合預(yù)見的現(xiàn)象和數(shù)據(jù)，檢驗理論分析的正確性等。,實驗結(jié)果,切忌偽造數(shù)據(jù)； 不要隨意舍去與自己料想不符或相反的數(shù)據(jù) ； 分析邏輯嚴謹，切忌牽強； 不能空泛議論 ； 對實驗過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的實驗設(shè)計、實驗方案或執(zhí)行方法方面的某些不足或錯誤，也應(yīng)說明，以供讀者借鑒。,實驗結(jié)果,文字、圖、表； 線條圖、柱狀圖； 如何引圖表 例1：Germination rates were significantly higher after 24 h in running water than in controls (Fig. 4)

19、. 例2：干旱處理導(dǎo)致兩種植物葉片的相對含水量明顯下降（圖2）。 例3：圖3顯示經(jīng)干旱處理的黃柳和垂柳葉片其F在各個水勢梯度中基本保持穩(wěn)定。,實驗結(jié)果,Avoid sentences that give no information other than directing the reader to the Figure or Table . 例1：Table 1 shows the summary results for male and female heights at Bates College 例2：圖3顯示了不同類型植物蓋度下E的動態(tài)變化情況， 例3：圖3顯示了不同類型植物蓋度下

20、E的動態(tài)變化情況， 根據(jù)圖3可見，不同類型植物蓋度下E的動態(tài)差異較大， 不同類型植物蓋度下E的動態(tài)差異較大（圖3 ），,Results,The results section should summarize, but not interpret, the results obtained Figures and tables frequently will help the reader to understand more easily than a written description. Obviously the same data should not be presented i

21、n two different forms,Results,Each figure or table should follow the first reference to them in the text. All figures and tables must be called out or referred to before they are explained in the text The graphs should be referred to as Figures Do not present raw data. Printouts of EXCEL worksheets

22、with raw data are NOT acceptable tables!,Results,All figures and tables should have descriptive titles and should include a legend explaining any symbols, abbreviations, or special methods used Figures and tables should be self-explanatory,Results,The Anatomy of a Table,Results,The Anatomy of a Figu

23、re,Results,The Anatomy of a Figure,討論,這一部分要客觀地分析所得到的結(jié)果，自然而然地引出你的主要結(jié)論 內(nèi)容： 1）研究結(jié)果說明了什么問題，得出了什么規(guī)律性的東西，解決了什么理論或?qū)嶋H問題； 2）對前人有關(guān)本問題的看法作了哪些檢驗，哪些與本研究結(jié)果一致，哪些不一致，作者做了哪些修正、補充、發(fā)展或否定； 3）本研究的不足之處或遺留問題； 4）研究建議,討論,概括準確：對論文創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容的概括應(yīng)當準確、完整 措詞嚴謹：肯定和否定要明確，不能模棱兩可，含糊其詞。 結(jié)論與引言相呼應(yīng) 不作自我評價,Discussion,Function: The function of t

24、he Discussion is to interpret your results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation, and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration,Discussion,Do your results provide answers to your testable hypotheses? If so, how do

25、 you interpret your findings? Do your findings agree with what others have shown? If not, do they suggest an alternative explanation Given your conclusions, what is our new understanding of the problem you investigated and outlined in the Introduction? If warranted, what would be the next step in yo

26、ur study？,Discussion,Do not waste entire sentences restating your results； Do not introduce new results in the Discussion. Use the active voice whenever possible in this section. Use of the first person is okay, but too much use of the first person may actually distract the reader from the main poin

27、ts.,致謝,致謝的對象：凡對本研究直接提供過資金、設(shè)備、人力，以及文獻資料等支持和幫助的團體和個人。 不要對作者中列出的人員致謝 不要對編輯、審稿人致謝,Acknowledgments,If, in your experiment, you received any significant help in thinking up, designing, or carrying out the work, or received materials from someone who did you a favor by supplying them, you must acknowledge

28、their assistance and the service or material provided.,參考文獻,為撰寫或編輯論著而引用的有關(guān)圖書資料 “順序編碼制”和“著者-出版年制” 只著錄最必要、最新的文獻 只著錄公開發(fā)表的文獻 采用標準化的著錄格式,參考文獻,采用順序編碼制時，在引文處，按它們出現(xiàn)的先后用阿拉伯數(shù)字連續(xù)編碼，并將序碼置于方括號內(nèi)，視具體情況把序碼作為上角標，或者作為語句的組成部分。 “筆者在文獻1中，在Richard S.Crandall2和Porponth Sichanugrist等人3工作的基礎(chǔ)上” 在文后參考文獻表中，各條文獻按在論文中的文獻序號順序排列,R

29、eferences,The references list only the papers or other publications that were directly referred to in your paper. References should be cited in one of two ways in the text: (1) Mention the authors names as part of your sentence followed by the year of publication in parentheses; (2) Place authors na

30、mes and the year of publication in parentheses following ideas or results from the study.,References,Brown and Wilson (1992) performed a set of experiments demonstrating variability in host specialization . . . A phylogenetic tree of the yucca moth family indicates the important role of host-plant a

31、ssociation in the evolution of this group (Brown et al. 1994). The references gives an alphabetical listing (by first authors last name) of the references that you actually cited in the body of your paper.,參考文獻,切忌間接引用或引用二次文獻； 盡量引用本學(xué)科的最新文獻； 盡量引用國際著名刊物上發(fā)表的文獻； 國內(nèi)作者參考文獻存在的問題： 參閱文獻量少，所以文獻引用少； 只引用自己的論文； 有些文獻有意回避或故意不引用。,參考文獻,For articles:Fox, J.W. 1988. Nest-building behavior of the catbird, Dumetella carolinensis. Journal of Ecology 47（？）: 113-17. For Books:Bird, W.Z. 1990. Ecological aspects of fox reproductio