1、中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 11 Intelligence,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Origins of Intelligence Testing,Intelligence Test a method of assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Origins of Intelligence Testing,Mental Age a measure of intelli

2、gence test performance devised by Binet chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Origins of Intelligence Testing,Stanford-Binet the widely used American revision of B

3、inets original intelligence test revised by Terman at Stanford University,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Origins of Intelligence Testing,Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100) on contemporary tests, the average performance

4、for a given age is assigned a score of 100,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,What is Intelligence?,Intelligence ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,What is Intelligence?,Factor Analysis statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (call

5、ed factors) on a test used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie ones total score General Intelligence (g) factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence test,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Are There Multiple Intelligences?,S

6、avant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill computation drawing,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Are There Multiple Intelligences?,Social Intelligence the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully Emotional In

7、telligence ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Intelligence and Creativity,Creativity the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas expertise imaginative thinking skills venturesome personality intrinsic motivation creative environment,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Brain Function

8、 and Intelligence,People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Assessing Intelligence,Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a persons future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn Achievement Test a test designed to assess

9、what a person has learned,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Assessing Intelligence,Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests verbal performance (nonverbal),中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Assessing Intelligence,Standardization defining meanin

10、gful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group” Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes,中英文日報

11、導(dǎo)航站 ,The Normal Curve,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Getting Smarter?,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Assessing Intelligence,Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on: two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting Validity the extent to which a test measures or predic

12、ts what it is supposed to,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Assessing Intelligence,Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict the measure used in

13、 defining whether the test has predictive validity,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Assessing Intelligence,Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior also called criterion-related validit

14、y,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Assessing Intelligence,As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,The Dynamics of Intelligence,Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below 70 produces difficulty in adapting to the dema

15、nds of life varies from mild to profound Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in ones genetic makeup,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,The Dynamics of Intelligence,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Genetic Influences,The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Gen

16、etic Influences,Heritability the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes variability depends on range of populations and environments studied,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Genetic Influences,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Environmental Influences,The Schooling Effect,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Group Differences,Group differences and environmental impact,中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ,Group Differences,The Mental R