1、CET作文常見錯誤,1.句子成分殘缺不全 We always working till late at night before taking exams.(誤) We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams(正) We should read books may be useful to us. (誤) We should read books which may be useful to us. (正),2.句子成分多余 This test is end, but there is

2、another test is waiting for you. (誤) One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正) The driver of the red car was died on the spot. (誤) The driver of the red car died on the spot. (正),3.主謂不一致 Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (誤) Some think that reading should be selective

3、. (正) My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. (誤) My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. (正),4.動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)的誤用 I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (誤) I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正) We have l

4、ittle time to read some books which we interest. (誤) We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. (正) I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. (誤) I have been studying in the college for two years(正),5.詞類混淆 It is my point that reading must be selectively. (

5、誤) In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正) Honest is so important for everyperson. (誤) Honesty is so important for everyone. (正) The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. (誤) The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. (正),6.名詞可數(shù)與不可數(shù)的誤用 Too much tests are disadv

6、antage for students study. (誤) Too many tests are disadvantageous to students. (正) In the presidents office, we have found new equipments of various kinds. (誤) In the presidents office, we have found new equipment of various kinds. (正),7.動詞及物與不及物的誤用 The traffic accident was taken place at the juncti

7、on of two highways. (誤) The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. (正) Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. (誤) Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. (正),8.介詞to和不定式符號的混淆 Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independ

8、ent thinking. (誤) Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. (正) All these contributed to solve the serious problem. (誤) All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. (正),9.情態(tài)動詞的誤用 It may not good to our health. (誤) It may be not good to our health. (

9、正) They should spent much time. (誤) They should spend much time. (正),10. There be句型的誤用 There exists some new problems such as being dishonest. (誤) There exist/arise some new problems such as being dishonest. (正) There are many students think college education is worthwhile. (誤) There are many studen

10、ts who think college education is worthwhile. (正),11. 動賓搭配不當 We must pay attention to it and make solutions to the problem. (誤) We must pay attention and find a solution to the problem. (正) It also may help you to make success. (誤) It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal. (正),12. 根據(jù)中文逐字硬譯 If s

11、omeones family situation is not well, he can apply for loan to bank. (誤) If ones family is not well off, he can apply to the bank for a loan. (正) Let alone touch the outside world of campus/keep a good body health. (誤) Let alone get in touch with the world outside of the campus/keep fit.(正),議論文寫作策略

12、(Strategies for Argumentation Writing) 1遵循議論文的基本格式：其格式和其三大要素不無關系，由立論、論證和結(jié)論三個部分組成。也可以就此處理成三個段落的格式：引出話題段+立論和論證段+結(jié)論段。文章的重點應放在第二段。另外，注意開始段和結(jié)束段在主題上要保持一致，如果前后矛盾就沒有說服力，也沒有邏輯可言。 2篇章結(jié)構(gòu)要注意英語寫作的特點：首先要寫好主題句。段首的主題句要全面概括這一段的主題思想，凡是這一段的展開句，如用來進行論證、論據(jù)的部分都要和主題句密切相關，與段落主題無關的句子都應該刪去。此外，為了達到語篇水平上的連貫，要使用一些表示邏輯關系的過渡詞，如表示

13、遞進關系、因果關系、轉(zhuǎn)折關系的詞匯，英語寫作依賴這類過渡詞創(chuàng)造出語篇連貫、邏輯性強的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。 3使用修辭手段加強說服力：議論文的寫作目的，就是要說服別人同意自己對事物的看法。如果語言太平淡，形式太普通就缺乏感染力，達不到寫作目的。因此，要借助一些修辭手段營造氛圍?？梢赃m當使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)、比喻、夸張等修辭手法來增強說服力。用詞簡潔準確，多用書面語等等，會令人覺得作者是可信、可靠的，因而，他說的言之有理。,記敘文寫作策略 (Strategies for Narration Writing) 1記敘文的6大要素（時間、地點、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果）要交代清楚。同時要把握好各個要素和中心思想的關系。

14、2確定敘述的人稱：選擇合適的人稱為主題服務。如果要敘述細膩的人物內(nèi)心活動、豐富的思想感情，選用第一人稱的敘述方式比較合適；如果敘述需要比較廣闊的發(fā)揮空間，那么，用第三人稱就可以真實、客觀地完成全過程的敘述。 3確定敘述的內(nèi)容：首先確立中心思想。然后，根據(jù)中心思想選擇材料，從具體材料中提煉出中心來。 4確定敘述的方式：敘述的結(jié)構(gòu)要合理安排，情節(jié)要合理安排。敘述方式有順敘、倒敘和插敘。其中，最常用的敘述方式是按照時間順序，事情發(fā)生、發(fā)展的順序進行敘述。這種順敘的方式在英文寫作中最常見。 5選用合適的時態(tài)敘述：例如，事情發(fā)生在過去的過去，就用過去完成時敘述。一般按時間順序發(fā)生的事，用一般過去時。根據(jù)

15、具體情況，還可以用到過去進行時和過去將來時。,說明文寫作策略 (Strategies for Exposition Writing) 遵循事物的客觀性、科學性，是寫好說明文的前提。因此，要仔細觀察、掌握事物的性質(zhì)或特征，如實、準確地予以說明。說明文的寫作方法有很多種，如分類、解釋、舉例、定義、比較等等方法。另外，在寫作過程中對事物進行說明的順序大致也有這樣三種，即主次順序、時間順序、空間順序。下面介紹三種最常用的說明文寫作方法及其策略： 1分類法：段落基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主題句+列舉+結(jié)論。使用分類法要注意，只有同屬、同類的事物才能用分類法。分類的標準要始終保持一致，不能中途改變。 2解釋法：解釋法就

16、是說明做某事的步驟、做某事的具體方法。其寫作方法是：第一步+第二步+第三步 ；其寫作要點是：要合理安排寫作順序，如主次順序、時間順序、空間順序，要一環(huán)扣一環(huán)，始終保持整個過程的連貫。在每個步驟之前，可以使用一些表示順序的信號詞，如：用the first step; to begin with表示第一個步驟，用 the second step; then表示第二個步驟，最后一個步驟用 finally。有了這些表示順序的關鍵詞就能把主題逐步闡述清楚。 3舉例法：段落基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主題句+說明問題的例證+重申主題。客觀事物的性質(zhì)和規(guī)律，有時用比較直觀的事例就可以說清道明。在遇到“如何理解,為什么說, 試

17、舉例說明”這類話題時，用舉例法能很好地把話題解釋清楚。,應用文寫作策略(Strategies for Applied Writing) 在人們?nèi)粘９ぷ?、學習和生活中，個人與個人、個人與單位以及不同單位之間，為了各自的需求，相互間必然要進行聯(lián)絡、交流和溝通。而應用文正好提供了交流溝通的語言文字載體形式，起到了人們溝通情感、信息的橋梁作用，此類應用文體較多，如：公文、禮儀文、書信等樣式。 1.應用文的寫作目的就是為了解決人們的工作、生活和學習中的實際問題，這就決定了應用文的內(nèi)容必須“務實”、不能“務虛”，任何一篇應用文都因?qū)嶋H需要而作，并由此產(chǎn)生實際效果。 2.應用文的對象是十分具體明確，寫給看誰

18、，行文者一清二楚。比如一般的書信、條據(jù)在抬頭處就點明了對象。海報、通告、啟事等，也有其特定的對象。 3.應用文要熟悉一定的表達程式，即規(guī)范的格式。這個格式，是人們在長期的使用進程中，習以為常，約定俗成，自然而然地格式化了。寫應用文時要盡量遵循固有的格式，比如四級考試中書信寫作，就要根據(jù)收信對象和信的內(nèi)容來靈活選用合適的語言表達。 4.應用文總是針對人們工作、學習和生活中的具體事情寫作的，其目的就是為了處理和解決實際問題。諸如：請柬、通知、賀信、條據(jù)、書信等，都具有著較強的時效性，具體信息要在行文里有明確的表達。,四級寫作實用策略：,1. 句型要有變化性。主動使用復句、倒裝、排比、平行結(jié)構(gòu)及動詞

19、短語，從而使論述更嚴謹、更有力，并體現(xiàn)出良好的語言駕馭能力。,2. 主動使用生動的成語、諺語及有說服力的引語。每次練習時，把這些成語、諺語、引語劃出來，以強化主動使用的意識。例如，在論述求知的艱難時，可引用There is no royal road to learning. (做學問無捷徑可走)；在論述言行的辯證關系時，可引用Actions speak louder than words. (行動比諺語更有說服力/事實勝于雄辯)。,3. 學會回避。譬如，想表示某人過著豪華的生活，可以說 He lived a kind of luxurious life. 但考生如不會寫 luxurious

20、這個詞，不妨回避，切勿生拼硬造?？忌梢哉f He had a car, a big house and a large company.,4. 主動使用過渡詞。例如使用firstly, secondly, to make long short, moreover, however, furthermore 等等，這樣，會使文章層次清晰，也使自己思路清楚。建議練習時將過渡詞劃出，以增強主動使用的意識。,5. 注意避免邏輯錯誤。例: 作文題目為 Haste Makes Waste，第一段第一句為 Many people believe that the faster the better， bec

21、ause they can save time in this way.這樣寫顯然不妥，因為這樣寫，就等于認定快并可以省時，because 這一部分應改為 thinking they can save time in this way.,6. 盡量使用幾個“高層次”的詞，例如可用 nevertheless 代 but，用 magnificent 代替 beautiful 等。,7. 主題句放開頭。文章寫法因人而異，大作家的寫法更難有固定模式。但作為應試手段，考生應現(xiàn)實地去爭取做到開宗明義，將主題句 (Topic Sentence) 放在每段開頭。CET-4的作文不是自由作文，而是有控制的作文，

22、但給出的提綱往往是用中文（04年6月四級作文為全英語提綱），其目的是避免考生將提綱中的文字直接抄錄進作文。考生將提綱以主題句的形式放在每段開頭表述出來，就可避免跑題，便于閱卷員的工作。,8. 字數(shù)要足夠。四級作文要求至少 120 詞，字數(shù)不足要扣分，這一點在評分標準中有明確規(guī)定?？忌谄綍r訓練時應按照120詞練習，考時也盡量不要只寫120詞。閱卷員如感覺字數(shù)不足，不一定會逐字去查，但在分數(shù)段內(nèi)會給低分。,9. 卷面要整潔。作文評分不是以貌取人，但卷面是否整潔具有微妙的影響。建議打稿，并在平時訓練中掌握自己譽寫一篇作文所需時間。,要鍛煉在語篇水平上的寫作能力，首先要把段落寫好，加強句與句之間銜接

23、、段與段之間過渡的技巧練習。因為段落是文章的縮影，寫好了段落，就能比較成功地寫出較好的文章。進行段落層次上的寫作訓練，是寫好英語文章的關鍵一環(huán)。下面介紹的是段落結(jié)構(gòu)。 段落（ paragraph ）是由表達單一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一組句子（包括主題句 topic sentence，推展句supporting sentences及結(jié)論句concluding sentence）構(gòu)成，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基本獨立單位。,平時如何提高寫作技能,1 主題句主題句（topic sentence）是表達段落主題的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都

24、圍繞它展開。請看下例：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with str

25、angers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.主題句中提出的 certain rules 指的是什么？展開句中通過四個 Dont argue- 逐一加以交代。從結(jié)構(gòu)來看，這是一個比較典型的段落，它包括了主題句，推展句和結(jié)論句（即本段中的末句）。,主題句的位置主題句通常放在段落的開端，其特點是開門見山地擺出問題，然后加以詳細說明。其作用是使文章的結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰，更具說服力，便于讀者迅速地把握主題和想象全段的內(nèi)容。主題句

26、可以放在段中起到承上啟下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初學者比較難于掌握，因而在四級考試中，考生應盡量采用將主題句放在段落開頭的寫作手法。,例1: Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, commu

27、nications, carrying goods -everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.,這段文字所講的主要是能源問題。第一句就概括性地提出“我們目前的生活很大程度上依賴于能源”。而隨后出現(xiàn)的三句都是具體事例，對第一句進行說明和論述。我們可以斷定第一句為該段的主題句（斜體部分）。,例2 （主題句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisemen

28、ts. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified

29、all our little weaknesses.以上這段由三句話組成。第一句是主題句，直截了當指出無人不受廣告影響這個主題，接著列舉兩個推展句對其補充和支持，指出我們已無法自由選擇所需的商品，理由是廣告商已仔細研究了我們的心理，并完全掌握了我們的弱點。句子銜接自然，步步緊扣主題。,如何寫好主題句中的關鍵詞段落的主題句對主題的限定主要是通過句中的關鍵詞來表現(xiàn)的。關鍵詞要盡量寫得具體些。對“具體”的要求包括兩個方面：一是要具體到能控制和限制段落的發(fā)展；二是要具體到能說明段落發(fā)展的方法。準確地把握關鍵詞是清楚地表達段落主題、寫好段落主題句的重要前提之一。,在上面的例1，例2中，主題句的關鍵詞分別

30、為：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced.,如何寫好主題句的中心思想主題句由兩部分組成，即主題(topic)和中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想的作用是導向(control)和制約(limit)。我們前面談到的關鍵詞就反映了中心思想。所謂導向就是規(guī)定段落的發(fā)展脈絡，所謂制約就是限制主題的覆蓋范圍，兩者不可分割。沒有導向，內(nèi)容就會離題或偏題；沒有制約，內(nèi)容就可能超出一個段落所能容納的范圍。對于初學寫作的人來說，“導向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他們自己來構(gòu)思一個主題句，就可能忽視“制約”這

31、一面。例如：,There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.本段的主題句如果沒有in which 引出的定語從句，那么two ways 不僅不能起制約作用，而且也不能起導向作用，句子本身讀起來也就使人

32、覺得欠缺點什么。,例如：Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an ade

33、quate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.Exercise is beneficial這是毫無疑義的。但主題句中如不加上to your heart來加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。因此，緊緊把握主題句中controlling idea的導向和制約作用，是短文寫作成功關鍵之一。,2推展句,主要推展句主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特點是：圍繞段落主題句展開的每一個推展句本身都不要求作進一步的說明或證明，句與句之間的關系是相互獨立又是互相連接的。例1：(主題句) There

34、 are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of

35、the atmosphere.主題句指出影響氣候的幾個因素。然后用四個擴展句說明四種因素。第一種是太陽光的接收量，第二種是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分別是海洋和大氣環(huán)流因素。,次要推展句次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指對主要推展句作進一步的事實分析和舉例說明。它從屬于某一個或某幾個推展句。例2：(主題句)I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn

36、 my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that

37、 I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.從屬于主要推展句2的三個次要推展句起著解釋說明作用，分別解釋red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach的含義，這就更加形象生動地證明了 teaching is not easy 這個主題。,主要推展句與次要推展句的關系 主要推展句與次要推展句

38、的關系(relation)基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three-part)規(guī)則。1每個主要推展句都應該是對主題句中表示主要思想的關鍵詞的直接、明確的說明。2每個次要推展句都應該說明它的主要推展句。3含有討論說明或分析的問題通常既要有主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材。,寫好推展句的方法主題句及關鍵詞確定后，開始選擇和主題有關的信息和素材。實質(zhì)上，針對關鍵詞測試每一個所選擇的素材就是一個分類的過程。有一種常用的方法就是句子展開前加以設問，然后解答，即設問解答(why-because)的方法。下面我們通過舉例來看一看這種分類過程是如何完成的。例3 ：假設 (suppose) Topic sent

39、ence: English is an international language?設問(why) Why can we say English is an international language?解答(because)Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.Because: Over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English.Because: More than 60

40、 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.?Because: Pakistan was once one of the British colonies.?Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.,從上面可以看出，最初的三個推展句是和關鍵詞an international language一致的。第四句和主題句不統(tǒng)一，盡管第四句會成為另一主題句(Many Pakist

41、anis speak English)的很好的推展句。第五句說服力不強。當然，在寫成段落時，沒有必要在每個句子開頭寫上 “because”，但是，在動筆展開句子時，頭腦里要想著這個詞，這種檢驗方法能幫助你把注意力集中在某個重心，圍繞主題思想層層展開。,小結(jié)：作文段落的基本寫作方法,通常段落由二至三部分組成,即主題句，擴展句 和結(jié)尾句組成。主題句是段落的核心，它表明作者的觀點和態(tài)度，同時反映段落的中心思想。主題句的特點是：一是具有明確的觀點；二是具有一定的概括性。記住段落的中心思想應該是一個，要清楚地把它表達出來，盡量不要出現(xiàn)語言錯誤。,如： Advertisement is an import

42、ant link between producers and consumers today. The library supplies people with knowledge of all kinds. Nowadays ,the computer has found wide applications in many fields.,以上句子都具備了主題句的特點，因為所有這些句子都可以用其它句子來解釋，描述，分析等即擴展句主要圍繞主題句進行敘述。說明或論述，它是主題句發(fā)展成短落的主要組成部分。,請看下面的段落： Nowadays, the computer has found wide

43、 applications in many areas. It is used not only in caculations, but also in an engineering project, designing, language learning, etc. In todays society, computers can be seen working for us almost everywhere, in shops, banks, post offices, schools, hospitals, and so on. Computers have even entered

44、 most families. Children can learn various subjects on computers, and parents can enjoy some entertainment from the computer, too.,不難看出本段的擴展句是：It is used not only -后的四個句子 ，這些句子都緊緊圍繞主題句展開，敘述計算機在各個領域的應用，同時它們在語法和語義上是完整和連貫的，扣住了主題句的中心思想。結(jié)尾句是指用一句話將某段落的內(nèi)容進行歸納總結(jié)，引發(fā)讀者對段落的進一步認識。,開頭段常用核心句型 The arguer may be ri

45、ght about, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that It is true that, but this is not to say that The main/obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that It would be natural/reasonable to think that, but it woul

46、d be absurd to claim that There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that At first thought, it may seem an attractive idea, but on second thought, we find that The problem/fact is that As far as I am concerned, I believe that Those who object toargue thatBut people who favor, on the other hand,

47、 argue that,中間段的常用核心句型 The change inmainly results from The increase inis due to the fact that Many people would claim that One of the reasons given for is that There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in First Second Finally Why are (is/do/did)? For one thing For another History is f

48、illed with the examples of As is shown in the table released by the government, it can be learned that There is (no) good evidence to We must admit the undeniable fact that No one can deny the fact that Experience (Evidence) suggests that The same is true of,結(jié)尾段的常用核心句型 It is high time that we placed

49、 great emphasis on the improvement of It is high time that we put an end to the unhealthy situation (tendency/phenomenon) of There is no easy solution to the problem of, but might be useful. Unless there is a common realization of, it is very likely that It is essential that effective measures shoul

50、d be taken to prevent the situation. It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth of It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding (developing/improving) Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of To control the tendency is not an easy

51、 job, and it involves a different state of attitude towards To put all into a nutshell, I,段落發(fā)展的手段及結(jié)尾段的寫法,段落發(fā)展的幾種手段,1 列舉法(details)作者運用列舉法，是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對topic sentence中擺出的論點進行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間等進行。Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First,

52、I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it.

53、 After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get inand cut my hand.,根據(jù)本段主題句中的關鍵詞組e

54、verything I did went wrong，作者列舉了8點內(nèi)容，分別由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡分明、內(nèi)容連貫。常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。,2. 舉例法(example)作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們

55、的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點，且事例可多可少。我們來看下面這個用舉例法展開的段落。There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a

56、walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,本段采用了三個事例來說明主題句中的關鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個例子分別由連接詞for exa

57、mple, for another example 和besides引出，最后由引導的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。舉例法中常用的連接詞有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。,3. 敘述法(narration)敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身的時間或空間的排列順序，通過對一些特有過渡連接詞的使用，有層次分步驟地表達主題句的一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義，例如： In the flat op

58、posite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbour was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside t

59、he flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.,這段是按照事物發(fā)展的先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場的過程。全文脈絡清晰，敘述的層次感強，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。常用于敘述法中的過渡連接詞有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。,4 對比法或比較法(comparison 而后，又將這一概念具體到了 “a problem”上，通過對比使讀者從“-a long time -in one minute”上有更加直觀的認識。常用于對本法或比較法上的過渡連接詞有：than, compared with等。,5 分類法(classification)在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認識，如： Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication