1、四級(jí)寫(xiě)作,主要內(nèi)容,1. 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作要求 2. 四級(jí)考試的總體改動(dòng)（計(jì)分體制的變動(dòng)，考試內(nèi)容的變動(dòng)） 3. 四級(jí)寫(xiě)作評(píng)分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn),.,4四級(jí)作文中的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤 詞層面 句子層面 語(yǔ)篇層面 語(yǔ)法方面 標(biāo)點(diǎn)用法 拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤 5怎樣寫(xiě)好四級(jí)作文 如何開(kāi)頭 如何結(jié)尾 行文中間 6如何提高寫(xiě)作能力,1. 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作要求,常見(jiàn)的應(yīng)用文體完成一般的寫(xiě)作任務(wù) 半小時(shí)內(nèi)寫(xiě)出120詞的短文 內(nèi)容基本完整、用詞恰當(dāng)，語(yǔ)篇連貫,2. 四級(jí)考試的總體改動(dòng),3. 四級(jí)寫(xiě)作評(píng)分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn),評(píng)分原則： 總體評(píng)分方法 內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)言 避免趨中傾向,3.2. 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),滿分為15分. 共分五等：2-4分、5-7分、

2、8-10分、11-13分及14-15分。 2-4分 條理不清，思路紊亂，語(yǔ)言支離破碎或在部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。 5-7分基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。 8-10分基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫；語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。 11-13分 切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。 14-15分 切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性好?；旧蠠o(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)誤。,4. 四級(jí)作文命題規(guī)律,4.1. 歷年四級(jí)作文題目,1995.1 Can Money Buy Happiness? 1995.6 Advantages o

3、f a Job Interview 1996.1 The TwoDay Weekend 1996.6 Global Shortage of Fresh Water 1997.1 Practice Makes Perfect 1997.6 Getting to Know the World Outside Campus 1998.1 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 1998.6 Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?,.,1999.1 Dont Hesitate to Say “No” 1999.6 Reading S

4、electively or Extensively? 2000.1 How I Finance My College Education 2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? 2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview 2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate 2002.1 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus 2002.6 Students Use of Computers

5、 2003.1 It Pays to Be Honest 2003.6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident,.,2003.9 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured) 2003.12 A Letter in Reply to a Friend 2004.6 An Introduction for Tourists 2005.1 A campaign speech 2005. 6 In honor of Teachers On the Occasion of Teachers Day 200

6、5. 12 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 2006.6 An Announcement for a Voluntary Program,現(xiàn)象闡釋型 : 2003年1月四級(jí)作文考題 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outlin

7、e given below in Chinese. 1. 當(dāng)前社會(huì)上存在許多不誠(chéng)實(shí)的現(xiàn)象； 2. 誠(chéng)實(shí)利人利已，做人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)。,提綱作文（議論文）,.,問(wèn)題對(duì)策型 1997年6月四級(jí)英語(yǔ)作文真題 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your c

8、omposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 大學(xué)生了解社會(huì)的必要性； 2. 了解社會(huì)的途徑（大眾媒介、社會(huì)服務(wù)等）； 3. 我打算怎么做。,.,觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型 辨析兩種對(duì)立觀點(diǎn) 1995年1月四級(jí)作文真題 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should write no less than 100 words and you sho

9、uld base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1.有人認(rèn)為金錢(qián)是幸福之本（source of happiness） 2.也有人認(rèn)為金錢(qián)是萬(wàn)惡之源（root of all evil） 3.我的看法,.,論說(shuō)反駁型 1998年6月四級(jí)作文真題 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?

10、 You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 有些人認(rèn)為某些數(shù)字會(huì)帶來(lái)好運(yùn)； 2. 我認(rèn)為數(shù)字和運(yùn)氣無(wú)關(guān)，,.,議論文（共14題） 現(xiàn)象闡釋型： 1995年6月，1996年1月， 1997年1月， 1998年1月，1999年1月, 2003年1月 問(wèn)題對(duì)策型： 1996年6月，1997年6月，2000年1月，2001年1月， 觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型：1995年1月，1999年6月，2000年6月 論證反駁型：1998年

11、6月 圖表作文（共1題） 柱狀圖：2002年6月 記敘文（共7題） 告知信/建議信：2001年6月，2004年1月 綜合信：2002年1月 綜合敘事：2003年6月，2003年9月 演講致辭：2004年6月，2005年1月，2005年6月,4.3. 命題規(guī)律,1）新：對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的三段論式作文提出挑戰(zhàn)，新的題型層出不窮。特別是2003年以來(lái)，先后考過(guò)交通事故目擊證詞、導(dǎo)游詞等首次出現(xiàn)的題目，所以?xún)H僅依靠背誦套句變得越來(lái)越行不通。需要同學(xué)們重視提高自己的真正寫(xiě)作水平，以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。 2）綜合能力考核：純粹的記敘、說(shuō)明或議論文的考核被同時(shí)考核三種能力的綜合性題目所代替，如2003年9月份的考題，就要求考

12、生在第一段敘述你的classmate生病或受傷的過(guò)程，第二段要求說(shuō)明一下各方面對(duì)他的關(guān)心，第三段要求你對(duì)這個(gè)事件展開(kāi)討論。這要求我們要全面發(fā)展自己的寫(xiě)作能力，不可偏廢。 3）實(shí)用：實(shí)用文體的寫(xiě)作出現(xiàn)得越來(lái)越多，書(shū)信作文屢次出現(xiàn)，2004年6月還考了一篇導(dǎo)游詞。這體現(xiàn)了四級(jí)作文對(duì)學(xué)生實(shí)際運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)能力的關(guān)注，也是四級(jí)作文備考訓(xùn)練的重點(diǎn)之一。,4.4. 四級(jí)作文可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的題目,1）考試的命題作文大都是議論文結(jié)構(gòu)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)題目?jī)?nèi)容應(yīng)該是考生所熟悉的，能夠有話可說(shuō)的，如那些社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題就是經(jīng)常出的題目。 2）但不是所有的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題都會(huì)成為考試題目?？荚囶}目還要和考試對(duì)象的文化背景，年齡特點(diǎn)相一致，所以有

13、關(guān)大學(xué)生生活，學(xué)習(xí)，理想等的題目經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。 3）作文題目會(huì)考慮到考生的語(yǔ)言水平，也就是說(shuō)學(xué)生要求掌握的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)能否足夠表達(dá)所考的題目。,.,科學(xué)技術(shù)：計(jì)算機(jī)，克隆，電視，小汽車(chē)等對(duì)社會(huì)和生活的影響 社會(huì)問(wèn)題：住房，交通，就業(yè)，犯罪，婚姻，環(huán)境，能源和廣告等 校園生活：學(xué)習(xí)方式，考試，課余活動(dòng)，體育鍛煉，人際交往和興趣愛(ài)好等 青少年問(wèn)題：父子代溝，抽煙吸毒，個(gè)人思想，職業(yè)選擇，和成功失敗等 文化教育：閱讀，道德修養(yǎng)，出國(guó)留學(xué)，學(xué)生減負(fù)，教育與成長(zhǎng)等,5. 四級(jí)作文中的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤,詞層面 句子層面 語(yǔ)篇層面,historic, historical considerate, considerabl

14、e sensible, sensitive credible, credulous continual, continuous satisfied, satisfactory farther, further imaginary, imaginative, imaginable,Confusing words,Prove-read the following sentences,However, the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle. The cave like a room very much. In recent

15、one and two years, people who take TOEFL have decreased. I started to play table-tennis in middle school, still play it now. People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but it often proves useless. One serious problem human beings are faced with are how to use our natural res

16、ources economically. TV commercials have a profound influence on our every day life.,用詞搭配不恰當(dāng) However, the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle. However, the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle. In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could n

17、ot afford it. In the past the price of milk was so high that most families could not afford it.,詞層面,.,Nowadays, the traffic in big city is getting more and more crowded. Nowadays, the traffic in big city is getting heavier and heavier. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be smalle

18、r if one cannot speak English. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be poorer if one cannot speak English.,.,修飾語(yǔ)不當(dāng) He neither speaks English nor Chinese. He speaks neither English nor Chinese. Without television, people cannot get information which comes from other parts of the wor

19、ld immediately. Without television, people cannot immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.,把形容詞和介詞誤作動(dòng)詞,This term well very busy. This term well be very busy. The cave like a room very much. The cave looked very much like a room. I very like this novel. I like this novel

20、 very much.,邏輯不清,In recent one and two years, people who take TOEFL have decreased. In recent one and two years, the number of people who take TOEFL test has decreased. In the past few years, grain has decreased by nearly 20%. In the past few years, the consumption of grain has decreased by nearly 2

21、0%.,At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons. When I was six years old, my father began to give me English lessons. Having carried out economic reforms in our country, peoples living standard has greatly improved. Since economic reforms have been carried out in our country, peop

22、les living standard has greatly improved.,少用或誤用連詞,I started to play table-tennis in middle school, still play it now. I started to play table-tennis in middle school, and I still play it now. TV becomes an important part in out daily life. Because we cannot live without it. TV becomes an important p

23、art in our daily life, because we cannot live without it.,.,指代不當(dāng) People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but it often proves useless. People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but this effort often proves useless. Television provides us with a vi

24、vid, colorful world, which enables us to enjoy life thoroughly. By providing us with a vivid, colorful world, television enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.,.,一致方面的錯(cuò)誤 One serious problem human beings are faced with are how to use our natural resources economically. One serious problem human beings

25、are faced with is how to use our natural resources economically. Now fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season. Now fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.,.,詞的誤用 TV commercials have a profound influence on our every day life. TV commercials have a

26、 profound influence on our everyday life. First we should use our natural resources in an economic way. First we should use our natural resources in an economical way.,句子層面,中國(guó)式英語(yǔ),Have money can do many things. 有錢(qián)可以做好多事情。 There are many people do morning exercise in the park. 有很多人在公園里面晨練。,His joke ma

27、de me laugh to death. I was quite amused by the joke he just told. Chinese people are devoting themselves to the physical exercise. Why? Because they think it is very important to their health. More and more people are spending part of their free time on physical exercise because they realize the im

28、portance of regular physical exercise.,.,The price of the dictionary is too expensive. The price of the dictionary is too high. Smoking cigars will do harm to our body. Smoking cigars will do harm to our health. Reading books can acquire knowledge. Through reading one can acquire knowledge.,.,懸垂修飾語(yǔ)

29、While reading the paper last night, an article on solar energy attracted my attention. While reading the paper, I became interested in an article on solar energy.,.,主謂不一致 集合名詞 army, audience, cabinet, class, company, committee, crew, crowd, family, government, group, party, population, public, staff

30、, team 如果指整體，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果指具體成員，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 單數(shù)名詞如果跟著along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。但用eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or等連接的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要與最近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。,Tom is one of the students who does not take applied mathematics. Tom is one of

31、the students who do not take applied mathematics.,.,贅言問(wèn)題 In my opinion, I believe the free medical system needs a reform. In my opinion, the free medical system needs a reform. The reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution nor noise there. The reason why people

32、 choose to live in the country is that there is no pollution nor noise there. We must cooperate together to make our cities greener and cleaner. We must work together to make our cities greener and cleaner.,語(yǔ)篇層面 偏離主題 銜接不佳 缺少連貫性 語(yǔ)法方面 語(yǔ)態(tài)，比較級(jí)，非謂語(yǔ)形式，冠詞用法，可數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞，不定代詞單復(fù)數(shù)，時(shí)態(tài) 標(biāo)點(diǎn)用法 colon 書(shū)名號(hào) 頓號(hào),6怎樣寫(xiě)好四級(jí)作文,如何

33、開(kāi)頭,(1) 主題句法 The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. (2) 問(wèn)題法 Do you know how many people die from traffic accidents every 23 minutes? (3) 對(duì)比法 When asked ., most of college students say that. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career that w

34、ill help realize my potentials.,.,(4) 數(shù)據(jù)法 According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. (5) 引語(yǔ)法 As the proverb goes, “You are only young once.”(適用于記住的名言),Translate the following topic sentence,現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的人注意到身體健康的重要性。,.,There is a

35、n increasing awareness/popularity among people that.,如何結(jié)尾,1重復(fù)中心思想 回到文章開(kāi)頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever. 2作出結(jié)論 文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容，并進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點(diǎn)。In conclusion/to sum up, in conclusion, in bri

36、ef, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.,.,3應(yīng)用引語(yǔ) 用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文!，既言簡(jiǎn)意賅又有更強(qiáng)的說(shuō)服力。If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent succes

37、s. Remember the famous saying. “God helps those who help themselves. 4用反問(wèn)結(jié)尾 雖然形式是問(wèn)句，但意義卻是肯定的，具有明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者思考。Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why shouldnt we develop this ability as far as possible?,.,5提出展望或

38、期望 表示對(duì)將來(lái)的展望或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world， the language is sure to be spread world widely.,.,From the discussion above, we may safely arrive at/come to/reach the conclusion that,行文中間,用詞多樣豐富 think vs. hold the view that/maintain that so vs. consequently because vs. resulting from, on account of the fact that and so on,(1) We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. (2) There are many trees along the streets. (3) There is a clean river in the city. (