1、湖南省藍山二中高一英語必修四unit2 Grammar and usage教案 牛津版Step 1: General introduction For reference: 1. If we talk about the ability someone has now, we use the modal verb can. 2. If we talk about the ability someone had in the past, we usually use the modal verb could. 3. If we want to talk about the ability som

2、eone will have in the future, we will use the form of the modal verb will /shall be able to.4. Modal verbs should/ought to (sometimes have to) are always used to give advice or tell someone that he or she is under obligation to do something. 5. If we want to express that it is necessary for us to do

3、 something, modal verb must is often used. 6. Model verbs may/might, can/could are often used to ask for permission. Examples:1. Now, many of us can speak English quite well, but a few years ago, we couldnt.2. Shall we be able to be admitted the famous university for further study in a year?3.You sh

4、ould/ought to learn enough knowledge to serve the people.4. Every one present at the meeting must look into the matter careful and give as much advice as possible on how to solve the problem. 5. As a student, you have to obey the rules of the school. 6. Im sorry I am late for class. May/Can I come i

5、n?Step 2: Practice1. Now look at the blackboard, Id like you to explain the meanings of the different modal verbs used in this sentence:I might/may/could/should/ought to/will/must watch the TV programme tonight.When might is used, it shows that the speaker is uncertain whether he or she will do some

6、thing. When may is used, it shows that the speaker is s bit more certain than when might is used. Could is more certain than may, but less certain than should and ought to. Should and ought to are more certain.When we use will, we mean we are quite certain that we will do something.If we use must, w

7、e are almost certain to do something.2. If you want to have a look at your friends book, what do you say? (Can I have a look at your book?)What does your friend say to you? (Of course, you can. Or sorry/No, you cant)So can is also used to ask for permission, especially in informal or spoken English.

8、3. Now read Part 1 on page 28 to find out how modal verbs are used to talk about ability, obligation, certainty and permission. Pay attention to the three arrows that illustrate the degrees of obligation, certainty and permission when modal verbs are used.4. Read part 2 and use modal verbs to make r

9、equests, suggestions or offers, and give advice. e.g.:Will/Can you read the sentence once more? (To make a request.)Shall we watch a film tonight? (To make a suggestion)I will help you if you have any problems (To make an offer)The manager is not in now. You should come back at three oclock (To give

10、 advice)5. Now please read the instructions for the exercise on page 29. Then complete the article individually and I will check the answers later.Answers:(1) must (2) has to (3) must (4) must (5) should (6) ought to (7) could (8) may (9) could6. Read Part 4 on page 28 and try your best to understan

11、d why the continuous form or the perfect form is used with a modal verb in the example sentences. First Ill give you some examples:John isnt here to attend the party. He must be reviewing his notes for the big exam tomorrow. (The speaker thinks that John is reviewing his notes now.)Tom knows nothing

12、 about the subject. He cant have been at the lecture yesterday. (The speaker is sure that Tom did not go to the lecture yesterday.)The money is gone. Who could have taken it? (The speaker does not know who has taken the money.)Step 3: Comparison of some pairs of model verbs comparisoncan, be able to

13、shall, will need, daremustnt, neednt1. Read Part 1 on page 30 and find the differences between can and be able to. Be able to is more formal and less common than can when referring to ability.Be able to can be used in different tenses or after other modal verbs, for example, will /shall be able to ,

14、 would/should be able to , have/has /had been able to, must/may/might be able to.Be able to can be used after the infinitive marker to.The past form of be able to is was/were able to.Can is more common and informal than be able to when referring to abilityCan can be used to talk about a possible fut

15、ure action.The past form of can is could.Now please make some sentences with be able to and can, using different tenses, or after modal verbs or in a to-infinitive.2. Read Part 2 and then complete the chart below.Shall Will In affirmatives expressing promisesexpressing determinations or decisions In

16、 questionsmaking offers or suggestions for third personasking about willingness for the second and third personMake some sentences using shall or will.Lets complete the dialogue in Part B on page 31, and then read the dialogue in pairs to check your answers.AnswersB (1) Shall (2) shall (3) will (4)

17、will/shall(5) will (6) will/shall (7) shall/will3. Read Part 3 which explains the use of mustnt and neednt and then make sentences with mustnt and neednt.4. Read Part 4 which explains when to use need or dare as modal verbs5. Read the instructions for Part A on page 31, and then complete the passage

18、.AnswersA (1) can (2) dare (3) can/could (4) may/might/could(5) mustnt/shouldnt/cant (6) mustnt/shouldnt/cant (7) can (8)needntFor referenceModalsWords like can, will, may, must, and a few others are called modals. Modal auxiliary verbs help other verbs express a meaning or an idea. Some common uses

19、 of the modals are these:Ability: He can speak English now.He couldnt speak English a year ago.Im not able to come to the game on Friday.Permission: All passengers may now board.We can board now.Obligation: You must fasten your seat belts. (strong)You should pay attention. (weak)You out to pay atten

20、tion.Possibility: It may rain.How could I forget an import thing like that?He cant /must have known the result.Meanings similar to those of the modals can often be conveyed by real verb forms:He has to =mustis able to speak English. =canis allowed to =mayis supposed to =should(be) able toability, le

21、ss used than cane.g. Im not able to come to the game on Friday.canabilitye.g. Can you play the piano?asking for and giving permissione.g. “Mom, can I go the cinema tonight?”“No, you cant. You have homework to do”offere.g. Can I help you?request, instructione.g. Can you switch on the light for me?cap

22、abilitye.g. The summers in England can be really unpredictable.with be to make criticismse.g. Susan can be a real pain in the neck at times.cantability e.g. I cant come to the game on Friday.when you feel sure something is not possible (opposite of must)e.g. The tennis match cant be over yet. (Im su

23、re it isnt).couldpossibility or uncertainty (can also use might)e.g. He could be the one for you!request (more polite than can)e.g. Could you switch on the light for me?suggestion e.g. We could go on a picnic this afternoon. asking for and giving permission e.g. “Could I use your phone?” “Yes, of co

24、urse you can”unwillingness e.g. I couldnt possibly leave Tom alone while hes in this state. with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility e.g. I could be fitter.e.g. He couldnt study harder.had betterstrong advice (less used than should) e.g. Youd better do the washing up now.

25、e.g. Id better not go out tonight, because I have to get up early tomorrow.mayto express although in clauses e.g. I may be married to you, but that doesnt give you the right to treat me like dirt. possibility or uncertainty (formal) e.g. There may be a cure for AIDS within the next ten years. asking

26、 for and giving permission (less usual, more formal) e.g. “May I use your phone?”“Yes, of course you may”may as well/might as welldescribes the only thing left to do, something which the speaker is not enthusiastic about e.g. Im so bored, I may as well do some housework. mightpossibility or uncertai

27、nty e.g. There might be a cure for AIDS within the next ten years. unreal situatione.g. If I knew her better, I might invite her to the ball. mustwhen you feel sure something is true (opposite of cant)e.g. The tennis match must be over by now. (Im sure it is).necessity, personal feelings e.g. I have

28、nt spoken to Liz for ages. I must give her a call. order, strong suggestion e.g. You must stop smoking or youll get lung cancer. shallcertainty or desire (mainly British English) e.g. I shall give up chocolate for Lent. in formal rules and regulations (mainly British English) e.g. Racism or sexism s

29、hall not be tolerated in this building. in questions to ask for instructions and decisions, and to make offers and suggestions (mainly British English) e.g. What shall I do? When shall we come and see you?Shall we go to the cinema this evening?shantcertainty (less usual, mostly British English)e.g.

30、I shant be late for the meeting.shouldexpectation (can use ought to) e.g. If you like Picasso, you should enjoy the exhibition. suggestion, advice, opinion (can use ought to) e.g. You should have more driving lessons before you take the test. when something is not right or as you expect ite.g. The p

31、rice on this can of beans is wrong. It should say $1.20, not $2.20.criticism (can use ought to) e.g. You shouldnt shout at your mother like that. uncertainty e.g. Should I ask her out on a date? should + words of thinking, to make an opinion less direct e.g. I should think he could find a more compa

32、tible match. with be and adjectives describing chance, including odd, strange, typical, natural, interesting, surprised, surprising, funny (=odd) and What a coincidence.e.g. Its odd that he should ask you so many personal questions.after in case to emphasise unlikelihood e.g. Im not going out tonigh

33、t in case she should call me. Ifshoulde.g. If Jane should drop by when I am out, tell her to come back later.polite order or instruction e.g. Applications should be sent by 3rd January. willassumption e.g. Oh, thatll be John on the phone. request (can and could are more common)e.g. Will you go to th

34、e shop for me?intention or willingness e.g. “Ill take grans pearls then”. “You wont!”“I will!”order e.g. Will you please shut up? insistence e.g. “I wont clean my room!” “Yes you will!”habits and typical behaviour e.g. Sarah will sit and gaze at the stars all night. criticism e.g. She will drink too

35、 much when she goes out. wontemphatically forbid an action, in response to a will expression e.g. “Ill take grans pearls then”. “You wont!”“I will!”refusal e.g. “I wont clean my room!” “Yes you will!”wouldrequest (can and could are more common) e.g. Would you go to the shop for me? would like - offe

36、r/invitation e.g. Would you like a cup of tea? after be, followed by adjectives doubtful, unlikely, to emphasise a tentative action e.g. Its doubtful that he would be there in time of need. annoying habit, typical of a person e.g. She would ask me for money, wouldnt she? certainty in a suppressed co

37、nditional sentence e.g. I would never agree to that. (even if he asked me) wouldntcertainty in a suppressed conditional sentence e.g. I wouldnt agree to that. (even if he asked me.) Step 4: Consolidation:I. Relative items in recent years college entrance examination:1. I was really anxious about you

38、. You home without a word. (NMET2000)A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave2. -Is John coming by train?-He should but he not. He likes driving his car. (NMET2002)A. must B. can C. need D. may3. How you say that you really understand the whole story if you have cov

39、ered only part of the article? (01上海)A. can B. must C. need D. may4. “The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,”declared the judge. (04重慶)A. may B. should C. must D. shall5. -Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.-You her last week. (04重慶)A. ought to

40、tell B. would have told C. must tell D. should have told6. -Excuse me, is this the right way to the Summer Palace?-Sorry, I am not sure. But it be. ( 04湖北)A. might B. will C. must D. can7. I pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. (04浙江)A. should B. might C. would

41、D. could8. -I dont mind telling you what I know.-You .Im not asking you for it. ( 04江蘇)A. mustnt B. may not C. cant D. neednt9. -Isnt that Anns husband over there?-No, it be him. Im sure he doesnt wear glasses. ( NMET2004)A. cant B. must not C. wont D. may not 10. Children under 12 years of age in t

42、hat country be under adult supervision when in a public library. ( 2004上海)A. must B. may C. can D. need11. -Who is the girl standing over there?-Well, if you know, her name is Mabel.（04天津）A. may B. can C. must D. shall12. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers not like the

43、design of the furniture. (04上海)A. must B. shall C. may D. need13. -Mum, Ive been studying English since 8 oclock. I go out and play with Tom for a while?-No, Im afraid not. Besides, its raining outside now. ( 04遼寧)A. Cant B. Wouldnt C. May not D. Wont14. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _ be left for a short time, especially at a railway