1、18-century poetry: 1. in the first half of the 18th century: neoclassical poetry 2. by the middle of the 18th century: sentimentalism 3. in the latter half of the 18th century: romanticism,pre-romanticism,in the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in europe, called the rom

2、antic revival. a strong protest against the bondage of classicism, a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, by a renewed interest in medieval literature. in england, this movement showed itself in the trend of pre-romanticism in poetry. william blake and robert burns are the representativ

3、es.,auguries of innocence (brief) to see a world in a grain of sand， and a heaven in a wild flower， hold infinity in the palm of your hand， and eternity in an hour.,一沙一世界，一花一天堂。 無(wú)限掌中置，剎那成永恒。 徐志摩（譯）,佛曰： 一花一世界， 一草一天堂， 一葉一如來(lái)， 一砂一極樂(lè)， 一方一凈土， 一笑一塵緣， 一念一清靜。 這一切都是一種心境。心若無(wú)物就可以一花一世界，一草一天堂。參透這些，一花一草便是整個(gè)世界，而整個(gè)世

4、界也便空如花草。,“the lamb”,william blakes“the lamb”(),little lamb, who made thee? dost thou know who made thee? gave thee life, and bid thee feed, by the stream and oer the mead; gave thee clothing of delight, softest clothing, woolly, bright;,小羊羔，誰(shuí)創(chuàng)造了你？ 你知道是誰(shuí)創(chuàng)造了你？ 給你生命，把你喂養(yǎng) 在溪流旁的草場(chǎng)； 給你柔軟，發(fā)亮 毛絨絨的衣裳；,gave t

5、hee such a tender voice, making all the vales rejoice? little lamb, who made thee? dost thou know who made thee?,給你這樣柔美的聲音， 使所有的山谷都?xì)g暢？ 小羊羔，誰(shuí)創(chuàng)造了你？ 你知道是誰(shuí)創(chuàng)造了你？,the lamb(),little lamb, ill tell thee,little lamb, ill tell thee.he is called by thy name,for he calls himself a lamb.he is meek, and he is mil

6、d;he became a little child.,小羊羔，我告訴你，小羊羔，我告訴你。他就叫你的名字，因?yàn)樗桶炎约悍Q羔羊。他溫柔而謙恭，變成了一個(gè)孩童。,i a child, and thou a lamb, we are called by his name. little lamb, god bless thee! little lamb, god bless thee!,我是個(gè)孩子，你是只羔羊， 我們都叫他的名字。 小羊羔，上帝保佑你！ 小羊羔，上帝保佑你！,questions,1. does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of th

7、e child who is speaking to the lamb? what is the relation of the lamb and the child to god? 2. what does lamb stand for?,“the tiger”,the tyger / 老虎 (i)（郭沫若譯）,tyger! tyger! burning bright in the forests of the night, what immortal hand or eye could frame thy fearful symmetry? in what distant deeps or

8、 skies burnt the fire of thine eyes? on what wings dare he aspires? what the hand dare seize the fire? and what shoulder, & what art, could twist the sinews of thy heart? and when thy heart began to beat, what dread hand? and what dread feet?,老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中 燃燒著的煌煌的火光， 是怎樣的神手或天眼 造出了你這樣的威武堂堂？ 你炯炯的兩眼中的火

9、燃燒在多遠(yuǎn)的天空或深淵？ 他乘著怎樣的翅膀搏擊？ 用怎樣的手奪來(lái)火焰？ 又是怎樣的膂力，怎樣的技巧， 把你的心臟的筋肉捏成？ 當(dāng)你的心臟開(kāi)始搏動(dòng)時(shí)， 使用怎樣猛的手腕和腳脛？,the tyger / 老虎(ii),what the hammer? what the chain? in what furnace was thy brain? what he anvil? what dread grasp dare its deadly terrors clasp? when the stars threw down their spears, and waterd heaven with the

10、ir tears, did he smile his work to see? did he who made the lamb make thee? tiger! tiger! burning bright in the forests of the night, what immortal hand or eye, dare frame thy fearful symmetry?,是怎樣的槌？怎樣的鏈子？ 在怎樣的熔爐中煉成你的腦筋？ 是怎樣的鐵砧？怎樣的鐵臂 敢于捉著這可怖的兇神？ 群星投下了他們的投槍。 用它們的眼淚潤(rùn)濕了穹蒼， 他是否微笑著欣賞他的作品？ 他創(chuàng)造了你，也創(chuàng)造了羔羊？

11、老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中 燃燒著的煌煌的火光， 是怎樣的神手或天眼 造出了你這樣的威武堂堂？,meter,the poem is in trochaic tetrameter with catalexis at the end of each line. trochaic foot: a pair of syllables-a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable. tetrameter line: a poetry line usually with eight syllables.,catalexis: the absen

12、ce of a syllable in the final foot in a line. in blakes poem, an unstressed syllable is absent in the last foot of each line. thus, every line has seven syllables, not the conventional eight. .tiger,.|.tiger,.|.burn ing.|.bright.in the.|.for ests.|.of the.|.night,summary,the poem begin

13、s with the speaker asking a fearsome tiger what kind of divine being could have created it: “what immortal hand or eye/ could frame they fearful symmetry?” each subsequent stanza contains further questions, all of which refine this first one.,from what part of the cosmos could the tigers fiery eyes

14、have come, and who would have dared to handle that fire? what sort of physical presence, and what kind of craftsmanship, would have been required to “twist the sinews” of the tigers heart? the speaker wonders how, once that horrible heart “began to beat,” its creator would have had the courage to co

15、ntinue the job.,comparing the creator to a blacksmith, he ponders about the anvil and the furnace that the project would have required and the smith who could have wielded them. when the job was done, the speaker wonders, how would the creator have felt? “did he smile his work to see?” could this po

16、ssibly be the same being who made the lamb?,questions for discussion,what parts of the tiger have been described in the poem? is it a realistic description of the tiger? what is the symbolic meaning of the tiger? why does the poet mention the lamb? do you think both the lamb and the tiger can illumi

17、nate each other?,comparison the lamb and the tyger,comparison / juxtaposition *both are creation poems *structure,its interesting that the end rhyme scheme for both poems have much similarity. both poems employ end rhymes with “ee” sounds or “ight” sounds. many consider that an intentional parallel structure.,*the 2 contrary states of the human soul expressed in the anthologys title (innocence and experience) are nicely personified in the ideas of these two animals the