1、,$,Syntactic Change,古英語時期(450-1150)因詞形眾多，使得句子結(jié)構(gòu)很復(fù)雜。 中古英語時期(1150-1500)，句法結(jié)構(gòu)越來越依靠詞序來表達意義。 中古英語后期，英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)和現(xiàn)代英語很接近了。,Change of word order,Change in negation rule,Change of word order,Old English had a complicated system of case marking as explained in the previous section. Its word order was somehow v

2、ariable from that of Modern English too.,S O V Ho hine laerde She him advised She advised him.,When the direct object was a pronoun in Old English, the subject -object-verb order was used.,The subject-object-verb order also prevailed in embedded clauses(嵌入式關(guān)系分句), even when the direct object was not

3、a pronoun.,S O V pa h pone cyning sthe, he botode,when he the king visited, he boasted,when he visited the king, he boasted.,返回,在古英語中, 否定句是由否定標(biāo)記詞ne置于有限動詞前構(gòu)成的。 例: ic ne secge (I not say),在古英語后期和整個中古英語時期, 典型的否定句形式是由ne和not分別置于有限動詞的前后構(gòu)成。 例3: I ne seye not 例4: Thatnoon of us ne speke noght(not)a word not

4、 在這里強調(diào)否定意義, 并不表示雙重否定的肯定意義。,隨著時間的推移, 至中古英語后期, ne逐漸消失, 由not取而代之作為否定句的否定詞, 其構(gòu)成為verb+not。從15世紀(jì)開始, 還有兩種與verb+not平行的否定形式: not+verb 和 donot+verb,I say not. I not say. I donot say.,As late as the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, one could merely add not at the end of an affirmative sentence to negate it.,I love thee not. He saw you not.,In modern English, not must precede the main verb, and a do, marked for the proper tense, must be inserted.,I love