1、FranklinRoosevelt,羅斯?？偨y(tǒng),他是一位杰出的美國總統(tǒng)；,他是唯一一位坐在輪椅上的美國總統(tǒng)；,他是唯一一位連任四屆的美國總統(tǒng)(1933-1945)；,他被人們喻為“獅子”和“狐貍;他是繼華盛頓林肯后最受美國和世界公眾歡迎的美國總統(tǒng).,富蘭克林羅斯福 (1882-1945),身家背景,Early political career早期政治生涯,State Senator 州參議員（1910年） Assistant Secretary of the Navy 海軍助理國務(wù)卿(1913年) Campaign for Vice-President 參加副總統(tǒng)的競選活動（1920年） Go

2、vernor of New York, 19291932 1929年至1932年紐約州長 1932 presidential election and he is the only one in U.S. history, the president his fourth consecutive term 1932年總統(tǒng)選舉,而且他是美國歷史上唯一一位連任四屆的總統(tǒng),Roosevelt was famous for his contribution during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war II.,臨危受命,羅斯福上臺時美

3、國面臨的危險狀況,銀行倒閉、企業(yè)破產(chǎn)、市場蕭條、工人失業(yè)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價格下降等,加深了美國的社會危機,美國出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟危機和社會危機,臨危受命,危機到來時胡佛政府采取的經(jīng)濟政策和結(jié)果,1、美國出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟危機和社會危機,2、胡佛反危機措施的失敗,政策：自由放任的經(jīng)濟政策,結(jié)果：危機惡化，矛盾更加尖銳,臨危受命,1、美國出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟危機和社會危機,2、胡佛反危機措施的失敗,美國第32屆總統(tǒng)，任期12年零39天（1933-1945年）。他是美國歷史上任職時間最長的總統(tǒng)。被公認為“二十世紀美國最偉大的總統(tǒng)”之一。,臨危受命,參加競選時，他就通過發(fā)言人告訴人們：“一個領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人不一定是一個雜技演員。我們選他并不是因為他能

4、做前滾翻或后滾翻。他干的是腦力勞動，是想方設(shè)法為人民造福?！币揽窟@樣的堅忍和樂觀，羅斯福終于在1933年以絕對優(yōu)勢擊敗胡佛，成為美國第32屆總統(tǒng)。,1、美國出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟危機和社會危機,2、胡佛反危機措施的失敗,3、羅斯福上臺,“美國人民不是束手無策，在此緊急關(guān)頭我將為人民實行新政，這個國家需要行動，而且現(xiàn)在就行動起來” 羅斯福演說詞,羅斯福新政 TheNew Deal,Roosevelts policies,direct payments to individuals,change something to make it better,government spending money to m

5、ake jobs,社會保障,立法,The New Deal,據(jù)統(tǒng)計，到1933年初，美國銀行倒閉事件已經(jīng)上升到五千五百家，有九百萬儲戶失去了自己的存款。整個金融系統(tǒng)癱瘓，人們手拿支票，卻無法兌現(xiàn)。,羅斯福就職后的第二天國會通過緊急銀行法案；同時，由國家撥款30億美元貸款給大銀行，支持其開業(yè)，并成立“聯(lián)邦儲蓄保險公司”，對存款實行政府保險。,1、整頓財政金融體系,思考：新政為何先從金融業(yè)開始？起到了怎樣的積極效果？,恢復(fù)了銀行的信用，促進了金融體系的正常運作，穩(wěn)定了人心，為工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的恢復(fù)提供了前提保證。,Controlling Banks,The Banking Act of 1935 rep

6、laced the old Federal Reserve Board with a 7-member board of governors to be appointed by the President for 14 year terms. The board was given the power to decide whether to raise or to lower the nations money supply.,Taxing the Wealthy,The Revenue Act of 1935 was an attempt to break up large accumu

7、lations of wealth. It increased the rates of gift and estate taxes. It increased the tax. rates for people with large incomes.,Congress Regulates Finance,The Home Owners Loan Corporations provided government loans to homeowners who were facing foreclosure because they could not meet their mortgage p

8、ayments.,Congress Regulates Finance,The Securities Act gave the Federal Trade Commission the power to supervise new securities. Now companies that wanted to sell stock had to give the public full information. The Glass-Steagall Act set up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to protect bank dep

9、osits up to $5,000.,The New Deal,1933年國家工業(yè)復(fù)興法：由政府調(diào)節(jié)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的問題，各個工業(yè)企業(yè)制訂本行業(yè)的公平經(jīng)營規(guī)章，規(guī)章確定各企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模、產(chǎn)品價格、銷售市場的分配 工資工時法規(guī)定了企業(yè)工人最低工資和最高工時。,思考：為什么要求各工業(yè)企業(yè)確定各工業(yè)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模等？為什么要規(guī)定工人的最低工資和最高工時？,加強國家工業(yè)的計劃和指導(dǎo)，防止盲目生產(chǎn)引起生產(chǎn)過剩，對恢復(fù)經(jīng)濟、緩和階級矛盾起了積極作用。,1、整頓財政金融體系,2、加強對工業(yè)的指導(dǎo),Overseeing the Stock Market,The Securities Exchange Commi

10、ssion, which had been established in 1934, was given the power to prevent insider trading. Placed in charge of the new SEC was Joseph P. Kennedy.,The New Deal,大危機中境況最慘的還是農(nóng)業(yè)，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品大量滯銷，農(nóng)民負債累累，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價格已跌到歷史最低點，豬肉三分一磅，牛肉五分一磅，一只肥羊賣不到一元錢。1933年農(nóng)業(yè)調(diào)整法：減少耕地，縮小現(xiàn)有的耕地面積，屠宰大批牲畜，由政府來補貼農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟損失。,思考：羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)對農(nóng)業(yè)的調(diào)整產(chǎn)生什么樣的結(jié)果？,克

11、服農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)相對過剩的危機，從而使農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的價格逐漸回升，促進了農(nóng)業(yè)的復(fù)蘇。,1、整頓財政金融體系,2、加強對工業(yè)的指導(dǎo),3、調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)政策,Mexican Americans,When the dust bowl sent thousands of ruined farmers to California, Mexican Americans found it harder than ever to make a living there. Competition among workers drove some farm wages as low as nine cents an hour.,F

12、armers Agree to Limit Production,The nations farmers were caught between huge surpluses and low prices. Under the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the federal government agreed to pay farmers a certain amount for every acre of land left unseeded.,田納西水利工程,Equal or Equivalent,Another name for a

13、 fair price for agricultural products was parity.,The New Deal,思考：“以工代賑”大規(guī)模興建工程會產(chǎn)生什么積極影響？,增加了就業(yè)；刺激了生產(chǎn)和消費；改善了美國的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；穩(wěn)定社會秩序；,當時全美國的工賑機關(guān)總計雇傭人員占全國勞動力的一半，不僅大大緩解了失業(yè)困難，刺激了經(jīng)濟的早日復(fù)蘇，而且許多基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)至今仍使美國經(jīng)濟受益無窮。,1、整頓財政金融體系,2、加強對工業(yè)的指導(dǎo),3、調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)政策,4、增加社會福利,Many People Need Jobs,The Civilian Conservation Corps put unemp

14、loyed single males to work building roads, planting trees, and helping soil-erosion and flood-control projects.,Reorganize Relief,Except for the CCC and the PWA, all other work programs were put under the Works Progress Administration headed by Harry Hopkins. This organization set out to create many

15、 jobs as fast as possible. It received a budget of $5 billion, the largest sum any nation had ever spent for public welfare at one time.,Congress Begins Social Security,In 1935 the United States followed the example of other industrial nations and established a system of social insurance. The center

16、piece of the Social Securities Act was a pension system for retired workers and their spouses.,Reforming Utility Companies,The Public Utility Holding Company Act said that holding companies that failed to promote efficiently and savings over the next five years would be dissolved. Enforcing the act

17、proved to be difficult.,The New Deal,1935年的全國勞工關(guān)系法：重申工人的權(quán)利，規(guī)定雇主不得敢干預(yù)和圖謀控制勞工組織；雇主不得拒絕與工人進行集體談判，并根據(jù)該法成立了勞工關(guān)系委員會。,思考：這些社會立法對解決社會問題有什么積極作用？,保障了個人的基本權(quán)利，提高了個人的政治地位,1、整頓財政金融體系,2、加強對工業(yè)的指導(dǎo),3、調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)政策,4、增加社會福利,5、加強社會立法,Congress Regulates Finance,The Economy Act lowered the salaries of government workers and reduced