1、Contents,How to use your source (how to quote, paraphrase, summarize, integrate the source into your paper) Introduction Develop a paragraph Methodology Results, discussion, conclusion (tense, tables, graphs, listing, statistical results),Abstract Keywords, title Reference Proofreading Publication,H

2、ow to do research,Read the literature (search first, citation index, dissertation abstract, database, specify your key words) Brainstorm, discuss with others, sort out ideas and narrow down your topic (get your research questions by reviewing literature and asking yourself who, what, how questions,

3、general/specific ) Assemble a working bibliography Read the literature (read critically) Take note and summarize the information (Literature review) Outline the research research design (Collect data, Analyze data) draft the paper Revise your drafts,Take notes / Make annotations,How to use your sour

4、ces,Lecture 2,plagiarism and Documentation,The use of another persons ideas or words without giving him/her the proper credit-results from the failure to document fully and accurately. Documentation is the formal acknowledgement of the sources you use in your paper （APA，MLA， in-text citation, refere

5、nces）.,Acts of plagiarism,Copy strings of words from a source without using quotation marks to show that the words came from another writer Superficially change words or sentences to make it appear that the sentences are original Restate another persons words and ideas in a completely new manner but

6、 fail to show whose ideas these were in the first place,Use some thoughts of the original writer and give credit to that first writer, but unintentionally change the meaning of what was in the source. In this case, the writer actually says that the original writer wrote something that he did not wri

7、te.,Common Knowledge,You do not need to cite a source for material considered common knowledge: General common knowledge is factual information considered to be in the public domain, such as birth and death dates of well-known figures, and generally accepted dates of military, political, literary, a

8、nd other historical events. In general, factual information contained in multiple standard reference works can usually be considered to be in the public domain.,Field-specific common knowledge is common only within a particular field or specialty. It may include facts, theories, or methods that are

9、familiar to readers within that discipline. For instance, you may not need to cite a reference to Piagets developmental stages in a paper for an education class or give a source for your description of a commonly used method in a biology report, but you must be sure that this information is so widel

10、y known within that field that it will be shared by your readers. If in doubt, be cautious and cite the source.,How to Avoid Plagiarism,Integrating the source in three ways: Direct quotation / paraphrasing / summary Careful documentation: accurate information about the source Avoid distortion throug

11、h misstatement or improper emphasis,Three Ways of Incorporating Other Writers Work Into Your Own Writing,Quotations, paraphrasing and summarizing,Quotations,Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must

12、be attributed to the original author.,Quote when: A sources wording or phrasing is so distinctive that a summary or paraphrase would diminish its impact. A sources word will lend authority to your presentation. A writers words are so concise that paraphrasing would create a long, clumsy, or incohere

13、nt phrase or would change the meaning of the original. You go on to disagree with a source.,Use a brief introductory remark to provide a context for the quotation, and quote only those words you need to make your point. Do not quote extensively. That not only gives reader the impression that your pa

14、per is just a collection of other peoples ideas but also interrupts the flow of your discussion.,Summarizing,A brief restatement, in your own words, of the main idea of a passage or an article. Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source.,Steps for Summarizing,Re

15、ad the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas. Write a one-sentence restatement of the main idea. Write your summary, using the one-sentence restatement as your topic sentence. Use your own words and phrasing. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay. Include quota

16、tion marks when necessary Add appropriate documentation.,This theory is supported by several studies (Barson Tedesco, 2002),Today, the First Amendment faces challenges from groups who seek to limit expressions of racism and bigotry. A growing number of legislatures have passed rules against “hate sp

17、eech”speech that is offensive on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. The rules are intended to promote respect for all people and protect the targets of hurtful words, gestures, or actions. Legal experts fear these rules may wind up diminishing the rights of all citizens But

18、 advocates of limits on hate speech note that certain kinds of expression fall outside of First Amendment protection,The right to freedom of speech, guaranteed by the First Amendment, is becoming more difficult to defend. Some people think that stronger laws against the use of “hate speech” weaken t

19、he First Amendment. But others argue that some kinds of speech remain exempt from this protection (Sudo 17) Today, the First Amendment faces challenges from lots of people. Some of these people are legal experts who want to let Nazis march in Jewish neighborhoods. Other people have the sense to real

20、ize that some kinds of speech fall outside of First Amendment protection because they create a clear and present danger (Sudo 17),Paraphrasing,A paraphrase gives a detailed restatement of a sources important ideas in their entirety. Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into y

21、our own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.,Paraphrasing is a valuable skill,it is better than quoting information from an un

22、distinguished passage. it helps you control the temptation to quote too much. the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.,6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing,1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. 2. Set th

23、e original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. 3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.,4. Check your rendition with the ori

24、ginal to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. 5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. 6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it ea

25、sily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.,examples to compare,The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear

26、as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.,A legitimate paraphrase:,In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quo

27、ted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).,An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quo

28、ted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47). A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it

29、is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.,Para. 1 when you play a video game, you enter into the world of the programmers who made it. You have to do more than identify with a character on a screen. You must act for it. Identification through action has a special

30、 kind of hold. Like playing a sport, it puts people into a highly focused and highly charged state of mind. For many people, what is being pursued in the video game is not just a score, but an altered state. (Turkle, 1984. 83-84),The programmer defines the reality of the video game. The game forces

31、a player to merge with the character who is part of the game. The character becomes an extension of the player, who determines how he or she will think and act. According to Turkle, like sports, video games put a player into a very intense “altered state” of mind that is the most important part of t

32、he activity (83).,Playing a video game, you enter into a new world-one the programmer of the game made. You cant just play a video game; you have to identify with it. Your mind goes to a new level, and you are put into a highly focused state of mind.,Practice,If the existence of a signing ape was un

33、settling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behaviorists (Davis 26).,The existence of a signing ape unsettled linguists and startled animal behaviorists(Davis, 26).If the presence of a sign-language-using chimp was disturbing for scientists studying language, it was also surprising

34、 to scientists studying animal behavior (Davis, 26). According to Flora Davis, linguists and animal behaviorists were unprepared for the news that a chimp could communicate with its trainers through sign language(Davis, 26).,Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the hea