1、There are two types of vascular, within which substances move-usually in opposite directions, xylem and phloem 木質(zhì)部和韌皮部. Xylem serves as water conducting tissue (ascending transport) （木質(zhì)部是輸導(dǎo)水的組織 ） phloem serves as the pathway for photosynthate movement (descending and ascending transport). （韌皮部是運輸光合產(chǎn)

2、物的系統(tǒng)）,4. Vascular Tissues 維管組織,Both xylem and phloem form a continuous branched system in the whole plant body. 木質(zhì)部和韌皮部在植物體內(nèi)構(gòu)成一個連續(xù)的分支 系統(tǒng)。,1 = apical meristem, 2 = procambium（前形成層）, 3 = protoderm（表皮原）, 4 = ground meristem, 5 = primary phloem （初生韌皮部）, 6 = primary xylem（初生木質(zhì)部）,Xylem and phloem consist

3、of vascular (conducting) elements （維管分子）, and often also contain parenchyma（薄壁組織）, sclerenchyma（厚壁組織）, and secretory tissues （分泌組織）.,Phloem 韌皮部,parenchyma（薄壁細胞）,sclerenchyma（厚壁組織）,Vessel element （導(dǎo)管分子）,Open & closed vascular bundles 無限與有限維管束,closed vascular bundles Open vascular bundles in Zea mays

4、in Ranunculus sp. 玉米的有限維管束. 毛茛的無限維管束,Vascular cambium 維管形成層,Components of xylem 木質(zhì)部組成成分,Vessels （導(dǎo)管）composed of vessel elements only appear in angiosperm. 導(dǎo)管由導(dǎo)管分子組成，僅存在于被子植物中。 Developmental process (發(fā)育過程）,Different types of vessels (不同類型的導(dǎo)管）,Primitive 原始 - evolutionary 進化,1) Various secondary thicke

5、nings & pittings in vessel elements 導(dǎo)管分子的各種次生加厚,Characters of vessel 導(dǎo)管的特征,Scalariform pits in Laurelia novaezealandiae as seen with SEM.,環(huán)紋 annular,網(wǎng)紋 reticular,2) Variation of perforation Plates on end wall 端壁的穿孔板的變異,梯紋穿孔Scalariform perforation 屬復(fù)穿孔,Simple perforation 單穿孔,3)侵填體(tylosis)：突入導(dǎo)管內(nèi)生長的囊泡

6、狀結(jié)構(gòu)，含有單寧、晶體、樹脂和色素等物質(zhì)，能增強抗腐力，防止病菌侵害，增強木材的堅實度和耐水性。,2. Tracheids (管胞) appear in angiosperm, gymnosperm and fern. 管胞存在于裸子植物和蕨類植物, 在被子植物與 導(dǎo)管同時存在.,管胞是一種細長、兩頭尖、 孔徑小的輸導(dǎo)分子； 也進行次生加厚，但端壁 不形成穿孔。,Vessel,Structure of pit 紋孔的結(jié)構(gòu),Simple pits,Bordered pits 具緣,Different types of tracheids (不同類型的管胞）,Development of trac

7、heids 管胞的發(fā)育,3. Parenchyma in Xylem 木薄壁細胞 4. Fibers in xylem 木纖維,Tilia americana 椴樹根的次生結(jié)構(gòu),木薄壁細胞,木纖維,導(dǎo)管分子,Sieve tube Elements & Companion Cells 篩管與伴胞,Components of Phloem 韌皮部組成成分,具有篩孔的篩板,具有篩孔的篩域,伴胞,篩孔,篩板,Development of Sieve Elements & Companion Cells 篩管與伴胞的發(fā)育,A. 正在分裂的篩管分子母細胞；B.篩管和伴胞已形成，P蛋白體形成；C.細胞核解體

8、、液泡膜破裂，P蛋白體分散在細胞質(zhì)中，靠細胞壁排列；D.成熟的篩管分子缺乏細胞壁和液泡，有開放的篩孔。 1，胞間聯(lián)絲 2伴胞；3.液泡；4.；5.P-蛋白體；6.解體細胞核；7.形成穿孔；8.分散的P-蛋白體；9.開放的篩孔,Development of seive tube 篩管的發(fā)育,Sieve pores and sieve plate 篩孔和篩板,Movement of photosynthates into sieve tube element of minor vein 光合產(chǎn)物從細脈進入篩管的示意圖,胞間聯(lián)絲,Conductive pathway of vessels and t

9、racheids 導(dǎo)管與管胞輸導(dǎo)途徑示意,紋孔與紋孔對,穿孔板,穿孔板,5. Secretory structure 分泌結(jié)構(gòu),Concept:凡能產(chǎn)生分泌物質(zhì)的有關(guān)細胞或特化的細胞組合，總稱為分泌結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些物質(zhì)聚積在細胞內(nèi)、胞間隙或腔道中，或通過一定的細胞組成的分泌結(jié)構(gòu)排出體外，這種現(xiàn)象稱為分泌現(xiàn)象。 許多分泌物具重要經(jīng)濟價值，如橡膠、生漆、芳香油、蜜汁等。,Thear are two kinds of structures. 根據(jù)分泌物質(zhì)是分泌到體外還是體內(nèi)，可分為外分泌結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)分泌結(jié)構(gòu)。 (1)外分泌結(jié)構(gòu)(external secretory structure) 大都分布植物體表，如

10、腺毛、腺鱗、蜜腺、排水器等。,（2）內(nèi)分泌結(jié)構(gòu)(internal secretory structure) 其分泌物積聚于植物體的細胞內(nèi)、胞間隙、腔穴或管道內(nèi)。常見的有分泌細胞、分泌腔或分泌道和乳汁管。,Secretory cells,Secretory cavity (分泌腔) and secretory canal (分泌道),柑桔,Laticifers (乳汁管),6、Vascular tissue, Vascular bundle, and tissue System. 微管組織，微管 束和組織系統(tǒng),維管束,Chapter Four Structures and development

11、 of Organs of Plants 植物的器官的結(jié)構(gòu)與生長發(fā)育,Leaves Stem roots,Vegetative organs 營養(yǎng)器官,Section 2 Morphology, structure and development of roots 第二節(jié) 根的形成、結(jié)構(gòu)及生長發(fā)育 Roots are s plants link to the underground environment.,Taproot systems of Diocots have one large primary root and many smaller branch roots,Fibrous r

12、oot systems of Monocots consist of a mass of similarly sized roots.,單子葉 植物的 須根系,雙子葉 植物的 直根系,Root system and morphological characters 根系和根的形態(tài)特點,Root system and morphological characters 根系和根的形態(tài)特點,Embryo root,The adventitious roots may have similar structures and functions with normal roots (定根）.,adven

13、titious roots 不定根,Zea mays at the base of a plant cutting,天竹葵扦插根 -不定根,2. Structure and development of Root 根的結(jié)構(gòu)和生長發(fā)育,Structure and elongation development of root tip 根尖的結(jié)構(gòu)與根的伸長生長,The subapical region of the root includes the zones of cell maturation (成熟區(qū)）, cell elongation (伸長區(qū)）, cell division （分生區(qū)）,

14、.,Root cap 根冠,頂端分生組織,The root cap protects the growing parts of a root as the root grows through the soil 根冠保護根的生長區(qū)域在土壤里向前運動。,In most dicots, cells of rhizodermis have a common origin with the rootcap cells as shown in Figs. A, B & C). while in most monocots all cells of the root have indepen -dent

15、origin from the rootcap, as shown in Figs. D, E & F. 在大多數(shù)雙子葉植物中，根表皮細胞與根冠細胞有共同的起源，而在單子葉植物中，所有根的細胞都獨立起源的。,根尖原分生組織細胞 分 層,Dermatocalyptrogen 表皮根冠原,protoderm 表皮原（表皮） Rootcap 根冠,Periblem 皮層原,ground meristem (cortex) 基本分生組織（皮層）,Plerome 中柱原,There are three different tiers of initials in Diocots. 在雙子葉植物中有三層不

16、同的原始細胞。,Procambium （central cylinder ）原形成層（中柱 ）,calyptrogen 根冠原,Rootcap 根冠,Dermatogen 表皮原,ground meristem (cortex) 基本分生組織（皮層） Epidermis 表皮,Plerome 中柱原,in Monocots 在單子葉植物中,Procambium & central cylinder 原形成層和中柱,Quiescent center 不活動中心 A diagram illustrating the location of the root quiescent center (st

17、ippled region) in which low mitotic activity occurs. 有絲分裂活性很低 E = protoderm (to form rhizodermis), 表皮原-根被皮 S = limits of the future vascular cylinder 將來微管束界限,cell elongation 伸長區(qū)細胞伸長，液泡化 并逐漸分化成熟。,cell maturation （Root hair zone） 成熟區(qū)細胞成熟，根毛 出現(xiàn)，各種組織形成,Root hair zone 根毛區(qū),根毛壽命短，與土壤緊密接觸，便于吸收水份、養(yǎng)分,皮層 表皮 中拄

18、 內(nèi)皮層,外皮層 皮層,（Ranunculus sp., 一種毛茛),2）The primary structure of root 根的初生結(jié)構(gòu): Dicots （雙子葉植物） A cross section through a mature zone of root tip.,A complete transverse section of Ranunculus sp. root at a level showing the completion of primary growth. Note the lack of pith, accumulation of starch in cort

19、ical cells, and the absence of starch in the rhizodermis and exodermis.,毛茛根的初生結(jié)構(gòu) 注意無髓，在皮層細胞有淀粉積累，但 在表皮和外皮層缺乏淀粉。,Root epidermis and characters 根的表皮及其特征,垂直,Root cortex and characters 根的皮層及其特征,The Casparian strip (凱氏帶）and Casparian dots （凱氏點） in the endodermis （內(nèi)皮層）,起到橫向運輸?shù)闹鲃涌刂谱饔谩?凱氏帶,Casparian dots（凱氏點）,內(nèi)皮層 細胞質(zhì),Cotton root shows Casparian strip （凱氏帶）,Two endodermis cells show the cell wall with phellem. 內(nèi)皮層細胞壁栓質(zhì)加厚， 不透水、氣。,Casparian strip (凱氏帶） of the endo