1、Intercultural Business Communication,Week 9,Contents,Communication Strategies - Non-verbal Communication (Continue) Intercultural Communication Definition & Features Cultural Barriers Competence,Communication Strategies,Definition - Two Approaches (Psycholinguistic & Sociological/Interactional) Appr

2、oaches * P- The potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communication goal * S- A mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures do not seem to be shared,Face Theor

3、ies,Brown & Levinson - 3 Basic Notions (Face/ Face Threatening Acts/ Politeness Strategies) - 2 Categories of FACE * Positive- the desire of every person that his ideas should be liked and admired by others * Negative- the desire of every competent adult person that his actions should not be impeded

4、 by others,Face Theories,Scollon & Scollon - 3 Politeness Systems (Deference/ Solidarity/ Hierarchical Politeness System) - 2 Strategies * Involvement- the communicators are on common ground, and attend to involving an individual as a normal, contributing or supporting member of society * Independen

5、ce- individuality of the communicators, and can be realized by using formal names and titles, making minimal assumptions,Politeness Principle,Definition Politeness is realized linguistically by means of various strategies across cultures. Face is invested, something that can be lost, and must be con

6、stantly attended to in interaction Function Maintain the social equilibrium and the friendly relations which enable us to assume that our interlocutors are being cooperative in the first place,Cooperative Principle,Cooperative Principle Make the contribution such as is required, at the stage at whic

7、h it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the conversational exchange in which people are engaged 4 Maxims (Quality/ Quality/ Relation/ Manner),Intercultural Communication,Edward T. Hall (1959) Intercultural Communication (ICC) Communication between people from different cultures Includes

8、: - Interracial Communication - Interethnic Communication - International Communication - Intercultural Communication - Contra-cultural Communication,Intercultural Communication Model,Intercultural Communication,Encoding (in Code System A) Response Decoding (in Code System A),Decoding (in Code Syste

9、m B) Response Encoding (in Code System B),Channel,Channel,Sender from Culture A,Features - It is a universal phenomenon. - It has been going on for years. - It is a common daily occurrence. Elements Physical/Cultural/Perceptual. Motivational/Experiential/ Emotional/ Linguistic/Nonverbal/Competition,

10、Intercultural Communication,Cultural Barriers - Assumption of more cultural similarities - Language differences - Misinterpret of nonverbal communication - Stereotypes & Preconceptions about “FOREIGNERS” - Evaluate what “foreigners” do and say before really understanding them - Anxiety or stress fee

11、ling of interacting with foreigners leads to inaccurate conclusions,Intercultural Communication,Intercultural Communication,Cultural Barriers - Language - Color Terms - Animal Terms - Plant Terms - Numbers - Religion,Cultural Barriers - Thought Patterns - Stereotypes - Prejudice - Discrimination - E

12、thnocentrism - Culture Shock - Taboo Topics,Cultural Shock,It means a feeling of confusion or anxiety arisen after moving to or encountering people from another culture. Kalvero Oberg (1954) (4 Stages),Based on Obergs, 5 stages defined:,Cultural Shock,1. Exciting and New,2. Frustrated,3. Relax and L

13、augh,5. Adjusted,4. Rejection and Regression,Thought Patterns,Holistic Thinking (High-context) - Thinking from the perspective of the whole, with all the relevant parts taken into account Analytic Thinking (Low-context) - Thinking by dividing the whole into constituents or parts to analyze the featu

14、res or relations between the parts,ICC comprises the knowledge of when to speak, when not to speak, about what, with whom, where and in what manner to talk, and the ability to “accomplish a repertoire of speech acts, to take part in speech events, and to evaluate their accomplishment by other” (Hymes,1972 :277).,Intercultural Communication Competence,Components - Michael Canale and Merrill Swain - 4 indispensable components * Linguistic * Sociolinguistic * Discourse * Strategic Compet