1、.,替 代,.,導 語,替代（Substitution）和省略一樣，也是一種避免重復和連接上下文的手段。替代 包括名詞性替代 (Nominal substitution)、動詞性替代 (Verbal substitution) 和分句性替代(Clausal substitution)。因此有三種替代詞：名詞替代詞、動詞替代詞和分句替代詞。,.,1. 名詞性替代,用替代詞取代名詞詞組或名詞詞組中心詞這一語法現(xiàn)象叫名詞性替代。名詞替代詞主要為one/ ones, 還有the same, the kind, the sort等。,.,1. 替代詞one/ ones的用法,）替代詞one/ ones只

2、能替代單數(shù)復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。例如： There are good films as well as bad ones. (ones = films) They sent us a lot of small apples instead of big ones. (ones = apples) 如果名詞詞組中心詞是不可數(shù)名詞，就不能用one/ ones替代，要避免重復，通常采用名詞性省略: We prefer green tea to black (tea). I like fresh candy better than stale (candy).,.,2）替代詞one/ ones和它們所替代的名

3、詞詞組中心詞的“數(shù)”可以不一致。例如： I prefer the big bottle to the small ones. Compare the new edition with the old ones. 3）替代詞one/ ones和它們所替代的名詞詞組中心詞在句法功能上也可能不一致。例如： Do you see those gentlemen over there? The one with grey hair is my father. A: If only I could remember where it was that I saw someone putting away

4、the box with those candles in, I could finish the decorations now. B: You mean the little colored ones. 在上述第一例中，被替代的gentlemen在句中作賓語，而替代詞one在句中作主語。在第二例中，被替代在句中作介詞賓語，而替代詞ones則是動詞賓語。,.,4）替代詞one/ ones一般帶有修飾語，它們和所替代的名詞中心詞所指不一定是同一對象，這是替代詞one/ ones用法上一個重要特征。例如： I dont like this book. Id like a more interes

5、ting one. Id like to have some big apples instead of small ones. 在上述第一例中，one雖然等于book，但“這本書”和“更有趣味的書”顯然不是同一對象：同樣地，第二例中的ones雖然等于apples，但“小蘋果”和“大蘋果”所指也并非一物。其所以所指對象不同是因為替代詞one/ ones通常帶有表示對比含義的修飾語。 替代詞one/ ones所帶的修飾語可以前置，也可以后置。前置修飾語一般是限定詞和形容詞，通常帶有重音，表示對比含義。例如：,.,I prefer an old coat to a new one. The new

6、 building was a four-story one. 當替代詞one/ ones帶有后置修飾語時，它們前面總有定冠詞，這種后置修飾語可以是形容詞詞組或者非限定分句。例如： Compare this picture with the one painted by your brother. 也可以是副詞、介詞詞組或關系分句。例如： This room and the one upstairs are well furnished. Ill read this book as soon as I finish the one Im reading.,.,帶后置修飾語的替代詞one/ on

7、es也常見于比較分句中。例如： Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before. I like this picture better than the one you showed me yesterday. 替代詞one/ ones在形容詞比較級、最高級以及某些限定詞如this, which，序數(shù)詞等之后可以省略。例如： I want the fifth volume, not the fourth (one). If I miss the 9:15 train, Ill catch the next (one).

8、 The second chapter is much longer than the first (one).,.,替代詞one/ ones通常不用在名詞屬格之后，也不用在形容詞性物主代詞+ own之后。例如可以說： This is my house and thats Peters. 不可以說： *This is my house and thats Peters one. 可以說： I dont like to live long in a foreign country; I want to go back to my own 不可以說： *I dont like to live lo

9、ng in a foreign country; I want to go back to my own one.,.,(5)替代詞如果不帶任何前置修飾語，即它的前面既沒有限定詞也沒有形容詞時，便不是替代名詞中心詞而是替代整個名詞詞組。例如： The question is one (= a question) of a great importance. If you want a friend, youll find one (= a friend) in me. 由上述諸例可以看護粗，替代詞one的這種用法是泛指同類事物中的任何一個，相當于不定冠詞，因此它沒有復數(shù)形式。要泛指復數(shù)的事物，

10、只能用some。試比較： Here are a few apples. Would you like one (= an apple)? Here are a few apples. Would you like some (= some of them)?,.,因此不可以說： *Here are a few apples. Would you like ones ? 替代詞one不帶前置修飾語時，同樣也不可以替代不可數(shù)名詞。例如可以說： Here is the fruit. Would you like some? 而不可以說： Here is the fruit. Would you li

11、ke one? 替代詞one的這種用法與人稱代詞的用法仍然有所不同。前者泛指同類事物中的一個，而人稱代詞則是具體指代某個同一的對象。試比較： I want a TV set, but I cant afford to buy one (= a TV set). I want this TV set, but I cant afford to buy it (= this TV set).,.,上述第一例如果改用it便是病句。 * I want a TV set, but I cant afford to buy it. 因為it和它所代替的名詞詞組所指為同一對象，應帶定冠詞或其他特指限定詞，但

12、上文的名詞詞組沒有特指意義，因而只能用one，不能用it。 要注意區(qū)別替代名詞詞組的one，替代名詞詞組中心詞的one和數(shù)詞one。試比較： A: Can I have those apples? B: You have already got one (= an apple). （在這里，重音落在got上，one不重讀，如果重讀便成為數(shù)詞。） Youve already got a red one(= an apple).,.,（在這里，重音落在red上，one不重讀，替代名詞詞組中心詞。） You can have one; give the rest to your little bro

13、ther. （這句的one要重讀，它是數(shù)詞，表示“一個”。） 還要注意區(qū)別替代詞one與不定人稱代詞one。如前所述，不定人稱代詞one泛指“人”，相當于any person（包括說話人和對方在內(nèi)），只有單數(shù)形式，也不帶修飾語，通常單獨使用，構成名詞詞組，只作句子的主語，并有屬格ones和反身形式oneself。one的這種用法與替代詞one在意義上是完全不同的。例如： One should do ones / his duty. If one wants to know a thing, one/ he ought to come into contact with it. One cant

14、 be too careful, can one/ he?,.,1. B 其他名詞替代詞,）替代詞the same的用法 the same可用作整個名詞詞組的替代詞，通常指物，但與它所替代的名詞詞組并非指同一對象。例如： A: Ill have two poached eggs on toast, please. B: Ill have the same. 在這里，the same并非表示the same eggs，而是替代在上文作賓語的整個名詞詞組two poached eggs on toast，當然不可能共指第一個說話人所要的那份荷包蛋土司。,.,替代詞the same一般不可以再帶有修

15、飾語，但可以帶有表示保留或條件的后置修飾語。例如： A: Ill have two poached eggs on toast, please. B: Ill have the same but fried. Ill have the same without the fried. A: Id like a cup of tea. B: Id like the same with milk but without sugar.,.,規(guī)章等正式文體中，替代詞the same有時也可以和它所替代的詞語共同指一個對象。例如： The society shall keep minutes of its

16、 proceedings, which shall be available for public inspection. From time to time it shall publish the same. 在這里，the same = the minutes of its proceedings,所指之物相同。 替代詞the same在一定搭配中可以替代一個名詞性分句所表示的事實。例如： A: John thought it was impossible. B: Yes, I thought the same. (= that it was impossible) 有時，the sam

17、e所替代的僅是某個分句所表示的基本事實，細節(jié)略有變更。例如：,.,We can trust Caroline. I wish I could say the same of her husband. (= that we can trust her husband) 替代詞the same在另一些搭配中可以表示上文中的某個變化過程。例如： A: That noise really unnerves me. B: Yes, it does the same to me too. (does the same = unnerves me) 當替代詞the same用作主語補語時，它所替代的詞語可以

18、是名詞詞組，也可以是形容詞詞組或比較結構等。例如： Charles is now an doctor. Given half a chance I would have been the same. (the same = an actor),.,2）替代詞kind和sort的用法 kind和sort通常用來替代不可數(shù)名詞。例如： American food is not the same as the English kind. (kind = food) Slang disappears quickly, especially the juvenile sort. (sort = slang) 除了名詞性替代外，不定代詞each, none, all, some, any, either, neither, both等也可起類似作用，已在有關章節(jié)講過，此處不再重復。,.,2. 動詞性替代,用動詞替代詞去替代動詞詞組（即謂語）或動詞詞組中心詞（即謂語動詞）這一語法現(xiàn)象叫做動詞性替代。動詞性替代通常由do的一定形式擔任，作這種用法的do叫做“代動詞”（PRO-VERB）。代動詞do有兩種用法：一是替代動詞詞組即整個謂語，一是替代動詞詞組中心詞即謂語動詞。,.,. 代動詞do替代動詞詞組的用法,當代動詞do替