1、Bloomfield,L. 1933 language.George Allen and Unwin Crystal,D.1995. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language.Cambridge University Press. Fromkin V.and R. Rodman 1983. An Introduction to Language, Third Edition. Halliday,M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional linguistics. Hornby,A.S. 200

2、5. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. Jackson,H.1988. Words and their meaning. Longman. Jackson,H. and E.Amvela.2000.Words,Meaning and Vocabulary:an introduction to modern English Lexicology. Leech,G.1981 Semantics: The Study of Meaning.,Lyons,J.1977 Semantics (.) Cambridge University Press. Palme

3、r,F.R.1981.Semantics.Cambridge University Press. Quick,R.,Greenbaum,S. (ET.)1985 A comprehensive Grammar of the English language. Saussure,F.de.1960 course in General linguistics. 陸國強 1999,現代英語詞匯學 林承璋 劉世平 2005 英語詞匯學引論 林承璋 1987 英語詞匯學引論 汪榕培 李東 1983 實用英語詞匯學 汪榕培 2002 英語詞匯學高級教程 楊信彰 2005 詞匯學概論,詞條,Headword

4、 pronunciation grammaetical Information etymolgy definition examples illustrations related forms and usage labels supplementary matter,詞典的種類,General and specialized Dictionaries Monolingual and Bilingual dictionaries Electronic and print dictionaries Unabridges Dictionaries Learners dictionaries and

5、 Childrens dictionaries Thesaurus,構詞法,Derivation or Affixation派生法和詞綴法 Prefixation前綴法 Suffixation后綴法 Compounding復合法 Conversion轉換法 Back-formation逆構詞 Abbreviation縮寫(shortening) Abbreviation includes four types: I. Clipped words省略詞 II. Initialisms 首字母縮略 III. Acronyms首字母縮略 IV. Blends.混合,名詞解釋: Idioms (重點)

6、 (1)Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. (2)Strickly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of indiviudal elements. (3)In forms idioms m

7、ay include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions. . Sources of Figurative idioms I. Colloquialisms白話俗語: II. Literary expressions III. Slang俚語: in the soup(in serious trouble)IV. Foreign idioms外來習語: sour grapes. 英語習語的特點The characteristics of idioms include semantic unity and structural stab

8、ility. 英語習語的使用The use of idioms involves their stylistic features, rhetorical features , and variations of idioms. 分類：Idioms may be classified into five groups : 1) Idioms Nominal in Natural 2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature 3) Idioms Verbal in Nature 4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature 5) Sentence Idioms,Sy

9、nonyms同義詞 refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. E.g. maid / girl They are the same meaning of a young female. Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coinciden

10、ce with idiomatic expressions Antonymy (反義關系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. Hyponymy (上下義關系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the

11、 species(specific lexical items). Metonymyn.借代-is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes, as in crown for king, the White House for the President. The kettle is boiling. (Kettle for water in the kettle) Collocation Sense Relations and Semantic Field polysemy, homonymy, synony

12、my, antonymy and hyponymy.（五種關系的名詞解釋要記?。?taboo words:words that many people consider offensive or shocking. euphemisms: is the practice of referring to someting offensive or indelicate in terms that make it sound more pleasant or becoming than it really is. slang: sub-standard language often used in

13、 informal occasions. the use of slang has brought many nec words into new meaning. jargons: is often defined as the language refers to trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business. dialect :a dialect is a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group o

14、f the languages speakers.,Lexicology （詞匯學）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. morpheme(詞素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividab

15、le or analyzable into smaller forms. Metaphor（隱喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as. Morphs語素-Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. Sens

16、e意義: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.,Semantic Field: 1)The massive word store a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning

17、 areas, some large, and others smaller. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. 2) The German linguist Trier saw vocabulary as an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense. Therefore, the words of languages can be classified into semantically related sets or fiel

18、ds. 3) According to Triers vision of fields, the whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields. 4)Words in each field are semantically related and define one another. Word詞- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. basic word stock 基本詞匯

19、1.Stability穩(wěn)定性2.All national character全民性3. Productivity 多產性4.Polysemy多義性5.Collocability搭配性.,Allomorph語素變體-Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/. Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes. In other wor