1、高中英語語法歸納與精練英語語法歸納與精練根據(jù)以往英語取得高分同學(xué)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和海文英語輔導(dǎo)名師的建議，他們都一致認(rèn)為英語語法和詞匯是學(xué)好、考好英語的重要基礎(chǔ)，其實(shí)完形填空是對(duì)語法、詞匯的綜合考查，但更關(guān)鍵的是學(xué)好此部分有助于對(duì)英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和理解，有助于學(xué)生掌握靈活多變的句式，這樣不僅有助于學(xué)生做好閱讀理解，而且有助于學(xué)生做好英譯漢，寫好作文。因此，我們?cè)诖司帉懥擞嘘P(guān)重點(diǎn)語法的知識(shí)點(diǎn)，并將陸續(xù)登出，同時(shí)將刊登一些試題。希望同學(xué)們認(rèn)真掌握，切不可因不靠它們而忽視了對(duì)英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的掌握。(一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個(gè)功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在

2、這兩個(gè)方面must/mustnt,；can/cannt；need/neednt；may/maynt；might/mightnt；should/shouldnt；ougtht等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。1)must have+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè)，譯為(昨天)一定。如：My pain apparent the moment Iwalked into the room,for the first man Imet asked sympathetically：Are you feeling all right?Amust be had beenC

3、must have beenDhad to be(答案為C)2)cant/couldnt have+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)，譯為(昨天)一定沒。如：Mary my letter；otherwise she would have replied before now.Acouldnt have received ought to have receivedChas receivedDshouldnt have received(答案為A)3)may/might have+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為也許。如：At Florida

4、Powers Crystal River plant,a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2.表示虛擬語氣。1)neednt have+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，相當(dāng)于didnt need to do,譯為其實(shí)沒必要。如：You neednt have come over yourself.As it turned out to be asmall house party,we so formally.Aneednt dre

5、ss up did not need have dressed upCdid not need dress upDneednt have dressed up(沒有必要穿的那么正式，體現(xiàn)是說話者的建議，實(shí)際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定，答案為D)2)should have+過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，譯為本應(yīng)該should not+have過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了，譯為本不應(yīng)該。如：I regret having left the work unfinished；I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本來應(yīng)

6、該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好，但實(shí)際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好，以至工作沒有完成。3)ought to have+過去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為該，與should的完成式含義類似。如：The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock,which went up in smoke.4)could have+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為完全可以。這點(diǎn)與ought/should/have+過去分詞用法相似。如：What you said i

7、s right,but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5)may/might have+過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為(那樣)也許會(huì)。如：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫停?).may/might(just)as well不

8、妨，最好，與had better相近；Since the flight was cancelled,you might as well go by train.既然航班已經(jīng)取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于you had better go by train。2).cannot/canttoo越越好，怎么也不過分。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannotover.如：You cannot be too careful when you drive acar.駕車時(shí)候，越小心越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and development.Th

9、is subject cannot be over emphasized.3).usednt或didt use to為used to(do)的否定式。4).should除了應(yīng)該一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其竟然的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that.我無法想象他竟然這樣做。三.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)關(guān)系的主動(dòng)表達(dá)法1.want,require,worth(形容詞)后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。Your hair wants cutting The book is worth reading The floor req

10、uires washing.2.need既可以用need to be done也可以使用need doing，兩種形式都表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義The house needs painting=the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing=the watch needed to be repaired.(二)形容詞、副詞及比較級(jí)最高級(jí)一.形容詞的修飾與位置一般來說，從構(gòu)詞法角度來看，后綴ly往往是副詞，但有的以ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點(diǎn)要注意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語，表語等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置

11、定語；這些形容詞在修飾時(shí)候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下歸納：1以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞：costly昂貴的lonely孤獨(dú)的deadly死一般的lively活潑的friendly友好的silly傻氣的kindly熱心腸的likely可能的leisurely悠閑的ugly長(zhǎng)得丑的brotherly兄弟般的monthly每月的earthly塵世的2只作以a開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語：afraid害怕的alike相象的awake醒著的alone單獨(dú)的，惟一的alive活著的ashamed羞愧的asleep睡著的aware意識(shí)到的、察覺到的well健康的content滿意的un

12、able無能的3只作前置定語的形容詞earthen泥土做的，大地的daily每日的latter后面的golden金子般的weekly每周的inner里面的silken絲一般的monthly每月的outer外面的wooden木制的yearly每年的elder年長(zhǎng)的woolen毛織的former前任的mere僅，只不過only惟一的sheer純粹的very恰好的little小的live活的4.下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語：remain keep become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,app

13、ear,look。如：All those left undone may sound great in theory,but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二.形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)1.考比較級(jí)時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握：1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Do you enjoy listening to records?I find records are often,or better than an actual perfo

14、rmance.Aas good as as goodCgoodDgood as在這里as good as比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)候，不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。答案為A On the whole,ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要具有可比性。如：The number of registered participants in this years marath

15、on was half.Aof last years those of last yearsCof those of last yearDthat of last years(前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊(cè)參加的人數(shù)the number of故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞that，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對(duì)比，答案為D。Young readers,more often than not,find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackerays.3)比較級(jí)與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置原級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)

16、倍數(shù)的詞，表示為為.若干倍,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時(shí)候等，他們的位置是，倍數(shù)詞+asas,或倍數(shù)詞+morethan，但again一般放在原級(jí)詞之后，即as+原級(jí)+again+as.如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.Aseven more times seven times moreCover seven timesDseven times(答案為B)Do you regret paying five hundred dol

17、lars for the painting?No,I would gladly have paid for it.Atwice so much twice as muchCas much twiceDso much twice(答案為B)My uncle is as old again as Iam 4)下列詞和短語不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念：inferior,minor,senior,prior,prefer to,superior,major,junior,preferable,differ from,compared with,in comparison with,different

18、from,rather than.如：Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.Asuperior advantageousCsuperDbeneficial(答案為A)Prior to his departure,he addressed aletter to his daughter.(1986年考研題)5)比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)或more and more/less and less+原級(jí)以及ever,steadily,daily等副詞+比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)表示越來越的意思，與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row,get,become等

19、。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中，注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級(jí)后面都不需要用than.如：Things are getting worse and worse.As Ispoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse The road got ever worse until there was no road at all=the road got worse and worse.6)比較級(jí)前面可以用even,still,yet,all the(more)等修飾語用以加強(qiáng)語氣，表

20、示更加的意思。如Today it is even colder than yesterday Ihave yet more exciting news for you 7)有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型：A)：not so muchas與其說不如說The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much arise in birth rates afall in death rates as aresult of improvements in medical care.Aand asCbutDor人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說是因?yàn)槌錾实奶岣?，還不如說

21、是因?yàn)獒t(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為B B)no/not any morethan兩者一樣都不The heart is intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.Anot so not muchCmuch moreDno more(心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D)There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,they can limit how much water you drink

22、.Amuch more than no more thanCno less thanDany more than(答案為D)C)no/not any lessthan兩者一樣,都注意基本上與no/not any morethan意思相反She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮D)just asso正如，也(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Just as the soil is apart of the earth,the atmosphere.Aas it is the same isCso isDand so is(答案為C)2.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問題

23、：1)最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in,over,of,among。in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China,all over the world.of,among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers,of the four dresses.注意：among相當(dāng)于one of,不說among all。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來如：all visible lights,red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.AAmong OfCForDTo答案為2)比較級(jí)

24、形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：any other+單數(shù)名詞the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞the others anyone/anything else上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。3)most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當(dāng)于very，用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞the，如：a most interesting book,most expensive restaurants，要注意與the+形容詞最高級(jí)+of+名詞

25、的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級(jí)的區(qū)別，如：He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is amost difficult language三.不用比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞：1)表示顏色的有：white,black 2)表示形態(tài)的有：round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角

26、形)，level 3)表示性質(zhì)和特征的有：atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy 4)表示狀態(tài)作表語的有：afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike 5)表示時(shí)間、空間和方位的有：daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,ri

27、ght,final 6)表示極限、主次、等級(jí)的有：maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief minor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite 7)含有絕對(duì)概念的有：absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.四.平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級(jí)平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如：The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music

28、at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)比not onlybut(also)；preferto；rather than有的是同類對(duì)比：and；but；or；bothand；eitheror；neithernor.平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：It is better to die ones feet than.Aliving o

29、n ones knees live on ones kneesCon ones kneesDto live on ones knees(答案為D)Despite the temporary difficulties,the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。1)rather than,let alone雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同的成分。如：We are taught that abusiness letter should be written in

30、 aformal style in apersonal style.Arather than other thanCbetter thanDless than答案為A For the new country to survive,for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.Ato name afew let aloneCnot to speakDlets say(答案為B)2)如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：At times,more ca

31、re goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.(三)代詞及其指代一致一.代詞的指代1.that的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如Conversation calls for awillingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of liste

32、ner,and it calls for occasionaldigestive pausesby both.這里that指代前面的the role。No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2.one的指代作用one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.Athat heConeDthis答案為C3.do的替代作用。d

33、o代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：For him to be re-elected,what is essential is not that his policy works,but that the public believe that it does.二.代詞指代一致問題代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。Each cigarette aperson smokes does some harm,and eventually he may get aserious disease form its effect.這里he指代前面的p

34、erson。It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。Our department was monitored by two supervisors,Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形式。代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律：1.鄰近和靠近原則由eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut(also)連接先

35、行詞時(shí)候，如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes,he or she will want adrink 2.當(dāng)each,everyone,everybody,no one,none,anybody,someone,s

36、omebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時(shí)候,或者anything,nothing,something everything等不定代詞作主語時(shí)候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如：Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it,can he?Everything is ready,isnt it3.當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語時(shí)，如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果each位于動(dòng)詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如：They each have

37、 two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4.由and連接兩個(gè)先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident(三)主謂一致問題主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則：語法一致原則意義一致原則就近一致原則很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而

38、定。總結(jié)如下：一.謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況1.動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：Buying clothes is often atime-consuming job because those clothes that aperson likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研題)To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積

39、等度量的名詞短語做主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3.一般用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語做主語時(shí)候，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個(gè)概念，謂語用單數(shù)：law and order法制soap and water肥皂水a(chǎn) cup and saucer茶杯碟子fork and knife刀叉the needle and thread針線trial and error反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索horse and carriage馬車time and tide歲月bread and butter奶油

40、面包the ebb and flow盛衰，潮漲潮落如：If law and order not preserved,neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A.is B.are C.was d.were答案：A。4.表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時(shí)候謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式Linguistics is abranch of study on human language.5.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)The chaos was stopped by the police The news is ag

41、reat encouragement to us Aseries of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.6.用and連接的成份表示一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)候，動(dòng)詞謂語用單數(shù)形式Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man二.謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況1.由and,bothand,連接的并列主語，和both,a few,many,several等修飾語后面謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Few people know he and Iwere c

42、lassmates when we were at college.2.集體名詞police,public,militia,cattle,class,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3.當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The Japanese were once very aggressive 4.某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)The rich are not always self

43、ish 5.不可數(shù)名詞作主語，其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Three million tons of coal were exported that year三.謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況1.就近一致原則這種情況下，謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動(dòng)詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能：1)由連詞eitheror；neithernor；whetheror；not onlybut(also)；or等連接的并列主語Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he i

44、s wrong 2)在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動(dòng)詞與后面的第一個(gè)主語一致Blocking the open-sided porch,framed by the enveloping fog,stands atall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is amagnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although agreat number of houses in that area are still in need of repair,there has been improvement

45、in the facili 2.主語帶有(together/along)with,such as,accompanied by,as well as,no less than,except,besides,with,combined with,in addition to,including,together with等等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致Professor Taylor,with six of his students,is attending aconference in Boston organized to compare current pract

46、ice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college,together with the deans,is planning aconference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.(1981年考研題)3.關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：Despite much research,there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the

47、 insect that are not fully understood.(1996年考研題)There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for,but which do not bring areturn in money to the community.(1990年考研題)4.一些表示數(shù)量的短語與名詞連用時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語包括：a lot of/lots of；plenty of/heaps of；half of；two-thi

48、rd(three-fourth)of；eighty(ten,twenty)percent；part of；rest of；none of等等Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire 5.集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語表示的意思和數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如：army,audience,band,government,group,flock,police,public,staff,team,troop.Crow

49、d,firm,family等等The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous The audience were greatly moved at the words 6.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語與謂語的數(shù)：第一組：a great many+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)a number of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)the majority of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)第二組；the number of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)each/every+可數(shù)名

50、詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)neither/either of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)one and ahalf+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)第三組；more than one+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)many a+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)第四組；the greater part of alarge proportion of 50%of one third of plenty of the rest of謂語的數(shù)與of后面的名詞一致第五組；(n)either(n)or.not only.but alsonot.but謂語的數(shù)與主語的第二部分(即(n)or/but also/but引導(dǎo)的后面部分)一致.注意比較：M

51、ore students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book(四)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列，而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝?？忌鷳?yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對(duì)倒裝后的句子能夠認(rèn)出來，避免做題時(shí)候的盲目和迷茫。一.用全部倒裝的情況全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語序顛倒過來，把謂語移到主語前面：1)出于修辭需要，表

52、示方向的副詞：out,down,in,up,away,on。如：Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane 2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then.如：Now is your turn.There goes the bell.Here is aticket for you There existed acertain doubt among the students as to the necessi

53、ty of work注意：here，there用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)主語一般為名詞，如果是人稱代詞則不需要倒裝where is the cup?Here it is！Here you are.There he comes.3)有時(shí)主語較長(zhǎng)，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Less important than ever is developing ameaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury sys

54、tem as awhole,but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.二.采用部分倒裝情況部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語的一部分(主要是助動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞)放到句子主語前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝，而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語(包括實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)都放在主語前1.下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時(shí)，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝，：never,no,neither,not only,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,not until,nowhere,at no

55、time,on no account,in no respect,in no sense,by no means,in vain,still less。如：Not only is its direct attack on their discipline,it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.(1985年考研題

56、)注：1)如果謂語動(dòng)詞是單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，倒裝時(shí)需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)加助動(dòng)詞do。如：Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.(1983年考研題)2)考生要廣義理解句首的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如：Suddenly,Gallups name was on everyones lips；not only was he the prophet of the moment,but it was generally believed that he had founded anew and most i

57、mportant method of prediction.2.以only修飾狀語(副詞，介詞短語，狀語從句)開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：only then,only at that time,only once,only in this way,only with,only through,only by,only when,only after,only because。如：Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to asound conclusion.Acan you would youCyou willDyou can

58、3.以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：often,so,well,to such adegree,to such an extent,to such extremes,to such apoint,many atime。如：So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.Abecame the children become the childrenChad the child

59、ren becomeDdo the children become(2001年考研題，答案為D)4.比較從句的倒裝：as,than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.Todays electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same am