1、第二章 古德諾的行政思想,學(xué)習(xí)目的 通過本章的學(xué)習(xí)，了解古德諾的行政思想，包括政治行政兩分法理論、行政集權(quán)理論、政黨理論，并理解他的行政思想在行政學(xué)發(fā)展過程中的重要性。,一、古德諾簡介,生平： 著作：行政學(xué)方面：比較行政法（1893年）、政治與行政（1900年）、美國行政法原理（1905年） 市政學(xué)：市自治：行政研究（1895年）、市政問題（1897年）、美國的市政府（1904年）、市政府（1909年）,有關(guān)中國的著述主要有解析中國（1926）以及中華民國憲法之評議（1913年）、共和與君主論（1915年）等論文,二、古德諾主要行政思想,政治行政兩分論 行政集權(quán)理論 政黨政治,（一）政治行政二

2、分論,1.所有政府都具政治與行政兩種功能 2.政府機(jī)構(gòu)之間的分工不可能做到絕對的劃分 3政治與行政必須以某種方式取得協(xié)調(diào),政府具有政治與行政兩種功能,There are two distinct functions of government.Politics has to do with policies or expressions of the state will.Administration has to do with the execution of these policies.,立法與行政不可能絕對劃分,American legisture discharges very f

3、requently the function of administration through its power of passing special acts.The American executive has an important influence on the discharge of the function of politics through the execution of its veto power.,政治與行政要協(xié)調(diào),Actual political necessity however requires that there shall be harmony

4、between the expression and execution of the state will.Lack of harmony between the law and its execution results in politics paralysis.,協(xié)調(diào)方式一：政治對行政的控制,政治應(yīng)該與行政協(xié)調(diào),The independence either of the body which express the state will or of the body which executes it must be sacrificed. Either the executing

5、authority must be subordinated to the expressing authority, or the expressing authority must be subjected to the control of the executing authority.,意志的執(zhí)行應(yīng)服從于意志的表達(dá),It is the executing authority which shall be subordinated to the expressing authority ,since the latter in the nature of things can be m

6、ade much more representative of the public of the people than can the executing authority.,（二）行政集權(quán)理論,1.橫向 2.縱向 3.實(shí)行行政集權(quán),（三）政黨政治,1.憲法規(guī)定了三權(quán)分立、聯(lián)邦制，不能在體制內(nèi)找到解決辦法 2.法外途徑：政黨,The American political system is largely based on the fundamental principle of the separation of governmental powers. It has been imp

7、ossible for the necessary control of politics over administration to develop within governmental system on account of the independent position assigned by the constitutional law to executive and administrative officers,The control has therefore developed in the party system. The American political p

8、arty busies itself as much with the election of administrative and executive officers as it does with the election of bodies of the state will. The party system thus secures that harmony between the functions of politics and administration which must exist if government is to be carried on successfully,加強(qiáng)民主，提高效率,1.變革行政分權(quán)體制，使得政黨對政府負(fù)全部責(zé)任 2.建立起全國性的政黨 文官制度、財務(wù)公開、 經(jīng)常性的選民投票,