1、托福閱讀題型講解Type 1. Factual information questions 事實信息/細節(jié)題 題目特征：四個選項中一般只有一個選項被原文提及，或與原文語意一致（同義），此選項即正確答案。提問方式：Official Guide P.20解題方法：找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞（key words）,一般為核心名詞概念或形容詞，回原文定位key words，精讀其所在句，準確理解語意。例題：According to this paragraph, displacement is:A internally directed aggressionB a modeled type of aggres

2、sion C aggression that is unintentional D aggression that is directed outwardAn ethnologist would be most likely tostudy A learned catharsis in a certain species of monkeyB the evolution of a certain type of fish C the bone structure of a certain type of dinosaur D the manner in which a certain male

3、 lion fights other male lionNumerous theories are based on the idea that aggression is an inherent and natural human instinct. Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement, and it has been noted that aggressive impulses that

4、are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis. Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethnologists, who study the behavior of

5、animals in their natural environments. A number of ethnologists have, based upon their observations of animals, supported the view that aggression is an innate instinct common to human.Type 2. Negative Factual Information questions 否定事實信息題 題目特征：四個選項中有三個選項被原文提及，且與原文語意一致；只有一個未被提及，或與原文語義相矛盾，此選項即正確答案。提問

6、方式：Official Guide P.22提問關(guān)鍵詞：NOT EXCEPT解題方法： 未被提及的選項為正確答案找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞（key words）,回原文定位key words，精讀其所在句，準確理解語意。例題：All of the following are described as being controlled by the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT:A connective tissueB cardiac muscle C glandular activity D smooth muscle In any vertebrate two ch

7、ief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These are the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term “autonomic nervous

8、 system” refers to the parts of the central and peripheral system that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands.Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California?A rapid population growthB inflationC ec

9、onomic condition during wartimeD record-high housing pricesIn 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, control continued. Under New Yorks c

10、ontrols, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartment as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970s, which combined with Californias rapid population growth, pu

11、shed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels.It is NOT stated in the paragraph thatA the Chinese sauce was in existence in the seventeenth century B the Malaysian sauce was similar to the Chinese sauceC the Chinese sauce was made from seafood and spicesD the Indonesian sauce was similar t

12、o the Chinese sauce The sauce that is today called ketchup (or catsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct from the Eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version of the

13、 sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia, where it was called kechap. The Indonesian sauce ketjab drives its name from the same source as the Malaysian sauce but is made from very different ingredients. The Indonesi

14、an ketjab is made by cooking black soy beans, fermenting them, placing them in a salt brine for at least a week, cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this process results in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce. 與原文語義相矛盾的選項為正確答案找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞（key words）,回原文定位key w

15、ords，精讀其所在句，準確理解語意。 注意總結(jié)常用否定詞：without, ratherthan, excluding, 例題：Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT A human relationshipsB characteristics of different regions C the idealization of life D social and historical theoriesDetermined to portray life as it was, with fidelity

16、to real life and accurate representation without idealization, the realist writers studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the “true” relationship between people.Which of the following is NOT defined as aggressive behavior? A inf

17、licting pain accidentallyB making insulting remarksC destroying property D trying unsuccessfully to injure someoneAggressive behavior is any behavior that is intended to cause injury, pain, suffering, damage, or destruction. While aggressive behavior is often though of as purely physical, verbal att

18、acks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression. What is key to definition of aggression is that whenever harm is inflicting, be it physical or verbal, it is intentional.Which point is NOT made by the env

19、ironmentalist mentioned in the paragraph? A that a huge oil spill in the waters off Alaska was possibleB that the waters off the coast of Alaska were dangerous for shipsC that oil tankers should not be used to transport oil from AlaskaD that an undersea pipeline was preferable to a land-based pipeli

20、neDecades before this disaster, environmentalists had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this area because of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs, icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported to the continental United States by land

21、-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posed by the threat of an oil pill.Type 3. Inference questions 推論題 題目特征：四個選項在原文中都沒有被直接提及或明顯說明，需要考生在理解原文語境和語義的基礎上進行準確推理，以得出答案。提問方式：Official Guide P.23提問關(guān)鍵詞：infer、imply解題方法：找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞（key

22、 words）,回原文定位key words，精讀其所在句，并理解前后語境，即通讀后一句和前一句。（key words本句后一句前一句）之后，遵循作者的原意向原文所涉及的方面進行推理，原文沒涉及的方面一定錯，與作者原意不符的表述一定錯。例題：It can be inferred from the discussion about ducks that the molting of their flight feathers takes A a year B a season C several months D a few weeks Molting of the flight feather

23、s is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, being by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always s

24、tart with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.It can be inferred from the paragraph that li

25、mner A would not possibly have had any formal training B were quite knowledgeable about the world of artC were held in high esteem by the population D were not all formally trained artists The earliest known American painters, who were active in the latter part of the seventeenth century and the ear

26、ly part of the eighteen century, were described in documents, journal, and letters of the time as limners.Some of the early portraitists most likely received their education in art or trained as artisans in Europe prior to their arrival in American and then trained others in American in their craft;

27、 because they were working in undeveloped colonial areas, their lives were quite difficult.It can be inferred from the paragraph that one main difference between termites and ants is that termites A live above ground B are eusocialC protect their nests D eat almost no animal substances What makes an

28、ts unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed

29、 almost exclusively on dead vegetation.It can be inferred from the paragraph that potash was more common than soda in colonial North America because A the materials needed for making soda were not readily available B making potash required less time than making sodaC potash was better than soda for

30、making glass and soap D the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purpose, but for glass- or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetatio

31、n. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.It can be inferred that the author mentions “Linens and stockings” to show that they were items thatA retail merchants were not willing to sell B were not available in the stores in PhiladelphiaC were mo

32、re popular in Germantown than in Philadelphia D could easily be transportedAlong with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods fro

33、m outlying places to would-be buyers in Philadelphia. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.Type 4. Rhetorical Purpose questions 修辭目的題 題目特征：題目中的Key words 在原文中出現(xiàn)時，其作用無明確說明解釋。需要考生透過文章字面上特定的修辭手法發(fā)掘作者本來的寫作意圖。通常，作者的寫作目的有以下幾類：舉例、解釋說明、解釋下文結(jié)構(gòu)、比較。提問方式：Official Guide P.24提問關(guān)鍵詞：W

34、hy、in order to解題方法：找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞（key words）,回原文定位key words，精讀其所在句常見結(jié)構(gòu) Sentence A + for example/explain/illustrate + Sentence B看A與B內(nèi)容是否一致A的范圍比B大，B對A進行舉例說明Why does the author mention glycol-protein A to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals B to introduce the discussion of activ

35、e defense mechanism in plants C to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense D to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemical may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse

36、array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establi

37、shment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycol-proteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls.The author mentions belittling and humiliating comments in this paragraph in order to A demonstrate how serious the problem of aggression is B clarify the difference be

38、tween intentional and unintentional aggression C provide examples of verbal aggression D illustrate the nature of physical aggressionAggressive behavior is any behavior that is intended to cause injury, pain, suffering, damage, or destruction. While aggressive behavior is often though of as purely p

39、hysical, verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression. What is key to definition of aggression is that whenever harm is inflicting, be it physical or verbal, it is intentional. Paragraph A +

40、句子 + Paragraph B 這里的句子起到的是提示下文，揭示文章將來結(jié)構(gòu)的作用The author includes the idea that these studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories in this paragraph in order to A announce what ideas will be presented in the following paragraphs B show how other studies differed from

41、Adlers C explain how Adler classified his work D describe the various ways that different studies have categorized birth order groupsNumerous studies since Alders have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality. These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four diffe

42、rent categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last and only child.Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similarSecond-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendenciesThe last-born child is the one whoOnly children tend to exhibitThe a

43、uthor includes the last sentence in paragraph 1 in order to A describe events leading up to the events in the following paragraphs B provide examples showing that there were many different types of silent films C announce the organization of the passage D present a concluding idea to summarize parag

44、raph 1The first 35 years of motion picture history are called the silent era. The films of this era can quite logically be divided into three phases: the primitive era (1894-1907), the transitional era (1908-1917), and the mature era (1918-1928).The primitive era began when theThe period from 1908 t

45、o 1917 was known as the transitional eraHowever, by the end of the 1920s, the era of silent films ended rather abruptly Sentence A + 句子/Key Words + Sentence B 在這里句子/Key Words兩端的事物通常為同類事物或相反例證，作者通過句子/Key Words的連接對其二者進類比/對比以進一步說明文章主旨。 例題：TideTime P.167 例4Type 5. Vocabulary questions 詞匯題 提問方式：Official

46、Guide P.25NB 詞匯題通?？疾榈氖窃撛~在文章語境中的意思，一般這樣的詞都有一個以上的意思，不要因為該詞與選項中的某一個單詞意思相同就將其選為正確答案。要理解作者在文章中具體使用了哪一個意思。解題方法： 填空式方法 句內(nèi)處理 同意轉(zhuǎn)化法 句間邏輯關(guān)系Type 6. Reference questions 指代題 題目特征：考查文章中單詞間指代關(guān)系的能力，通常是代詞與其先行詞之間的關(guān)系，有時也考查其它指代關(guān)系，如which, this提問方式：Official Guide P.26提問關(guān)鍵詞：“A” refers to A為名詞或名詞性詞組解題方法： 代詞結(jié)構(gòu)注意特殊關(guān)系詞的指代作用及其

47、所代表的邏輯關(guān)系，尋找對應信息：Both 代指上文出現(xiàn)過的兩個（平級）事物Them 代指上文出現(xiàn)過的多個（平級）事物，或集合概念One 代指與上文出現(xiàn)的事物具有“平行/互換”作用的新事物The one 代指上文出現(xiàn)過的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞The other 代指上文出現(xiàn)的兩個事物中的“另外”一個Another 代指上文出現(xiàn)的多個事物中的一個，或與上文中的某一核心概念具有相同性質(zhì)的事物 實義詞該詞一般是對文中某一名詞（或名詞概念）的同義替換或抽象概括?？忌鸁o需知道該詞的具體詞義，只需找到它是文中哪一個詞的替代者即可 接力現(xiàn)象尋找句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，即循環(huán)概念的替代關(guān)系NB 注意指代內(nèi)容的單復數(shù)形式，可通過此排除一些錯誤選項Type 7. Sentence Simplification questions 句子簡化題 題目特征：考查考生對閱讀文章中出現(xiàn)的復雜長難句中的主要信息的理解和提取的能力。簡化之后的句子只轉(zhuǎn)述原句的主干內(nèi)容，不包括細節(jié)性信息。選項中的四個句子均是對句子的改寫，但在對基本信息的轉(zhuǎn)述上有差異。正確答案準確再現(xiàn)了原句的主干內(nèi)容、語意層次和邏輯關(guān)系。提問方式：Official Guide P.28解題方法： 主從句邏輯關(guān)系一致性 主從句主要邏輯關(guān)系： 條件 if a, b.