1、環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語,Specialized English for environmental science and engineering,化學(xué)化工學(xué)院 賀薇,PART 2 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL,Unit 8 Type and Sources of Air Pollutants,GOD SAVE ME!,O3:我快完了,SO2 CO2 : 哈哈 ，你死定了,Background Introduction,Air Pollutants ！,primary pollutant 一次污染物 secondary poll

2、utant 二次污染物 air stagnation 空氣流動(dòng)停滯，大氣停滯 herbicide 除草劑 pesticide 殺蟲劑 / 農(nóng)藥 正常濃度 normal concentration 嚴(yán)重污染的 serious polluted / heavily polluted,New Words and Phrases,determining factor 決定因素 photochemical oxidant 光化學(xué)氧化物 liquid droplet 液體微滴 radioactive substance 放射性物質(zhì) incomplete oxidization / incomplete c

3、ombustion 不完全氧化 automobile exhaust 汽車尾氣,New Words and Phrases,What is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. 什么是大氣污染？大氣污染通常是指空氣中一種或多種化學(xué)物質(zhì)富集到高濃度，以至于對人類、其它動(dòng)物、植物或材料造

4、成了危害。,Text,A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rise above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars b

5、urning leaded gasoline. 一次大氣污染物是指直接排放到大氣中的污染物質(zhì) ，其濃度達(dá)到了造成危害的程度。 一次大氣污染物中有的是大氣中自然組成成分（如二氧化碳）濃度超過了其正常濃度，或一些通常大氣中沒有的物質(zhì)如汽車使用含鉛汽油時(shí)燃燒所排放的含鉛化合物。,A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components. 次生空氣污染物是空氣中的各組分在大氣中相互發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)所產(chǎn)生的有害物質(zhì)。,Sec

6、ondary pollutants include some particles formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog, such as nitrogen dioxide, ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). 二次污染物包括一些由氣態(tài)一次污染物形成的顆粒物和光化學(xué)煙霧化合物，如二氧化氮、臭氧和硝酸過氧化乙酰(PAN)。,Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: th

7、at is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. 需要注意的是，一些污染物可能是既是一次污染物又是二次污染物：換言之，它們既可直接排放，又能由其他一次污染物形成。,Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation. 在城市或其它區(qū)域上空發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重大氣污染通常

8、是由于在空氣停滯期所排放的高濃度的污染物造成的 。,The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup. 一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉磯和墨西哥城，使他們特別容易受到頻繁的空氣停滯和空氣污染累積的影響。 By themselves , measured concentrations

9、 tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors. 測量所得的污染物濃度本身并不能告訴我們這些污染物所造成的危害的信息，因?yàn)榕R界濃度、協(xié)同作用還有生物放大效應(yīng)都是決定因素。,Major air pollutants,1 .Carbon oxides: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide. 碳氧化物： 一氧化碳 ， 二氧

10、化碳。 2. Sulfur oxides: sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide. 硫氧化物： 二氧化硫 ， 三氧化硫。 3. Nitrogen oxides: nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide. 氮氧化物： 一氧化二氮 ， 一氧化氮 ， 二氧化氮. 4. Hydrocarbons (organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen): methane, butane, benzene. 碳?xì)浠衔铮ㄓ袡C(jī)含有碳?xì)浠衔铮?甲烷 丁烷 苯。,5. Photoche

11、mical oxidants: ozone, PAN(a group of Peroxyacylnitrates), and various aldehydes. 光化學(xué)氧化劑：臭氧，一組過氧酰基硝酸酯 和各種醛,Major air pollutants,Near the ground, ozone is a colourless, gaseous secondary pollutant.It is formed by chemical reactions between reactive organic gases and oxides of nitrogen in the presence

12、 of sunlight. 靠近地面時(shí)臭氧是一種無色的氣態(tài)的二次污染物。 它是由活性有機(jī)氣體和氮氧化物在陽光下的化學(xué)反應(yīng)形成的。 Ozone is one of the irritant secondary pollutants in photochemical smog and is often used as a measure of it. 臭氧是光化學(xué)煙霧中的一種刺激性的二次污染物，通常是作為光化學(xué)煙霧的衡量指標(biāo)。,Ozone is strongly oxidising and can irritate the eyes and the respiratory tract. It al

13、so damages plants. 臭氧具有強(qiáng)烈的氧化性并能刺激眼睛和呼吸道.它也會(huì)破壞植物。,Ozone,The formation of ozone in the upper levels of the atmosphere or “stratosphere” is by a different process. 在上層大氣或“同溫層”的臭氧的形成過程不同。 Ozone there is not regarded as a pollutant because it is produced naturally. 臭氧不被視為一種污染物是因?yàn)樗亲匀划a(chǎn)生的。 It is important

14、in absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation and preventing it from reaching the earth. 它吸收有害的紫外線輻射、阻止紫外線到達(dá)地球。,PAN(a group of Peroxyacyl nitrates,Peroxyacetyl nitrate is a secondary pollutant present in photochemical smog. It is thermally unstable and decomposes into peroxyethanoyl radicals and nitrog

15、en dioxide gas. Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is an oxidant more stable than ozone. Hence, it is better capable of long-range transport than ozone. It serves as a carrier for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) into rural regions and causes ozone formation in the global troposphere（對流層）.,Photochemical smog,1fo

16、rmation 大氣中碳?xì)浠衔铮℉C）、氮氧化物（NOX）等一次污染物在陽光照射下，發(fā)生光化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生二次污染物，這種由參加反應(yīng)的一、二次污染物的混合物（包括氣體污染物和氣溶膠）形成的煙霧污染現(xiàn)象，稱為光化學(xué)煙霧。,Practice: Translate the above to English,Photochemical smog is formed when sunlight interacts with certain chemicals in the atmosphere. Ozone is the main component in this type of air polluti

17、on. Ozone in the stratosphere（平流層） protects us against harmful ultraviolet radiation, but on the ground, it is hazardous to human health. Ground-level ozone forms when motor vehicle emissions containing nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds (produced from paint and evaporation of fuel and so

18、lvents) react in the presence of sunlight. Read more: Effect of Photochemical Smog | eH ,characteristic ：blue smog，strong oxidability，irritative，low visibility. source：industrial waste gases and motor vehicle exhaust.,The previous section suggests that the development of photochemical smog is primar

19、y determined by abundance of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere and the presence of particular environmental conditions. 前一部分表明，光化學(xué)煙霧的發(fā)展主要是由大氣中大量的氮氧化物和揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物和特定環(huán)境條件的存在所決定。,photochemical smog,condition ：,NOx,CH,UV,Light blue smog,O3,過氧酰基硝酸酯,other,主要為過氧乙酰硝酸酯PAN (peroxya

20、cetyl nitrate,醛類aldehydes 、酮類 ketones、過氧化氫等, NOX ； CH； strong sunlight.,the indexes of formation:,O3、PAN and other product.,greenhouse gas,A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fu

21、ndamental cause of the greenhouse effect.1 The primary greenhouse gases in the Earths atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.,Volatile organic compound,Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room temp

22、erature. Their high vapor pressure results from a low boiling point, which causes large numbers of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter the surrounding air. For example, formaldehyde, which evaporates from paint, has a boiling point of only 19 C

23、 (2 F). Other Volatile organic compounds contain:Benzene, Chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons, Methylene chloride, Perchloroethylene, MTBE(tert-Butyl Methyl ether),Chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons,Chlorofluorocarbons( CFCs), which are banned or highly regulated because it is harmful to the oz

24、one layer, were widely used cleaning products and refrigerants. Tetrachloroethene is used widely in dry cleaning and by industry.,Persistent organic pollutants (POPs),Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biologic

25、al, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potentially significant impacts on human health and the environment.,The smoke

26、 and fumes from burning fossil fuels rise into the atmosphere and combine with the moisture in the air to form acid rain. The main chemicals in air pollution that create acid rain are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain usually forms in the clouds where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides r

27、eact with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This forms a solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.,Acid rain,6. Particulates (solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air): smoke, dust, soot, asbestos, metallic particles (such as lead, beryllium cadmium), oil, salt spray, sulfate salts. 顆粒（在空氣中的固

28、體顆?；蛞旱螒腋。?煙霧，塵埃，油煙，石棉，金屬粒子（例如鉛，鎘鈹），石油，鹽霧，硫酸鹽。,Major air pollutants,（Asbestos，5.5FeO,1.5MgO,8SiO2,H2O） 絕熱材料 石棉公害,石棉,7. Other inorganic compounds: asbestos, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur acid, nitric acid. 其他無機(jī)化合物：石棉，氟化氫，硫化氫，氨氣，硫酸，硝酸。 8. Other organic compounds: pesticides, her

29、bicides, various alcohols, acids, and other chemicals. 其他有機(jī)化合物：殺蟲劑，除草劑，各種醇，酸和其他化學(xué)品。 9. Radioactive substances: tritium, radon, emissions from fossil fuel and nuclear power plants. 放射性物質(zhì)： 氚，氡， 化石燃和核能發(fā)電廠排放物 。 10. Heat. 10. 熱。 11. Noise. 11. 噪聲。,Major air pollutants,Carbon oxides Carbon Monoxide (CO) :

30、 Forest fires and decaying organic matter; incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (about two-thirds of total emissions) and other organic matter in cars and furnaces; cigarette smoke 森林火災(zāi)和腐爛的有機(jī)物質(zhì);不完全燃燒化石燃料（約占三分之二的總量）和其他來自汽車和熔爐的有機(jī)質(zhì);香煙煙霧,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Carbon dioxide(CO2) : Nat

31、ural aerobic respiration of living organisms; burning of fossil fuels 自然有氧呼吸的生物體; 燃燒化石燃料 Sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3) ： Combustion of sulfur-containing coal and oil in homes, industries and power plants; smelting of sulfur-containing ores; volcanic eruptions 家庭、工廠和發(fā)電廠燃燒含硫的煤和石油；冶煉含硫礦石；火山爆發(fā),.,The major

32、 sources of these pollutants,Particulates dust soot and oil : 煤煙粉塵顆粒物和石油 forests fires , wind erosion, and volcanic eruptions; coal burning; farming, mining construction, road building ,and other land-clearing activities; chemical reactions in the atmosphere; dust stirred up by automobiles; automobi

33、le exhaust; coal-burning electric power and industrial plants 森林火災(zāi)，風(fēng)蝕，和火山爆發(fā); 燃煤; 農(nóng)業(yè)，采礦工程，道路建設(shè)，以及其他土地清理活動(dòng); 大氣中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)；汽車引發(fā)的粉塵 ；汽車尾氣；燃煤電力廠房和工業(yè)廠房,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2): High-temperature fuel combustion in motor vehicles and industrial and fossil fuel power p

34、lants; lighting 機(jī)動(dòng)車輛高溫燃料燃燒，工業(yè)和礦物燃料發(fā)電廠;照明 Photochemical oxidants 光化學(xué)氧化劑 Sunlight acting on hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides 碳?xì)浠衔锖偷趸镌陉柟庀路磻?yīng),.,The major sources of these pollutants,Hydrocarbons 碳?xì)浠衔?Incomplete combustion fossil fuels in automobiles and furnaces; evaporation of industrial solvents an

35、d oil spills; tobacco smoke; forest fires; plant decay (about 85 percent of emissions ) 不完全燃燒化石燃料的汽車和火爐；蒸發(fā)的工業(yè)溶劑和石油泄漏；煙草煙霧；森林火災(zāi)；植物的腐爛（大約%85的排放）,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Pesticides and herbicides :殺蟲劑和除草劑 Agriculture; forestry; mosquitocontrol 農(nóng)業(yè);林業(yè);蚊蟲控制 Asbestos:石棉 Asbestosmining; spra

36、yingoffireproofinginsulationinbuildings; deteriorationof brake linings 石棉開采;防火隔熱建筑的噴漆;制動(dòng)片的變質(zhì) Metals and Metal Compounds: Mining; industrialprocesses;coalburning; automobileexhaust. 挖掘；工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程; 燃煤; 汽車尾氣,.,The major sources of these pollutants,Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Chemicalindustry; petroleumrefining

37、 Ammonia (NH3) : Chemicalindustry; petroleumrefining 化學(xué)工業(yè);石油煉制 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) : Reaction ofsulfurtrioxideandwatervaporin atmosphere; Chemical industry Nitric Acid (HNO3) : Reactionof sulfurtrioxideandwatervapor inatmosphere; Chemicalindustry 三氧化硫和水汽在大氣中反應(yīng); 化學(xué)工業(yè),.,The major sources of these po

38、llutants,Noise: Automobiles,airplanes,andtrains;industry; construction 汽車，飛機(jī)，列車; 產(chǎn)業(yè)建設(shè) Other Inorganic Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) : Petroleumrefining;glassetching; aluminum andfertilizerproduction 石油煉制;玻璃刻蝕;鋁和化肥生產(chǎn),.,The major sources of these pollutants,Technology for control of particulate emissions,Cyc

39、lone 旋風(fēng)除塵器 Electrostatic precipitators 靜電沉淀器 Wet scrubber/ wet collector 濕式除塵器 Fabric filters 袋式過濾器 Biofiltration 生物過濾,控制工業(yè)來源的顆粒物的排放的主要方法是利用旋風(fēng)分離器、靜電除塵器、布袋過濾器和洗滌器。,Technology of Air Pollution Control,Biofiltration: An Innovative Air Pollution Control Technology for VOC Emissions. 生物過濾：一種創(chuàng)新的大氣揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物污染

40、控制技術(shù),The principal means for control of particulate emissions from industrial sources are cyclones，electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters and scrubbers.,Biofiltration,Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using material to capture and biologically degrade process pollutants. 生物過濾是使用材料來捕獲和生物降解污染物的一種污染控制技術(shù)。 Common uses include processing waste water, capturing harmful chemical or silt from surface runoff, and microbiotic oxidation of contaminants in air 常見的用途包括處理廢水、從地表徑流或泥沙中捕捉有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)和空氣中污染物的微生物氧化。,Flue-gas desul