1、Henry Fairlie,Learning contents： 1. General knowledge: the history of English; Norman conquest; exposition. 2. Structure analysis. 3. Detailed study of the text. (words to be previewed and checked; task-orientated text analysis ) 4. Writing skills of the text 2.To trace the history of the Kings Engl

2、ish; 3.Important words and phrases; paraphrase and translation. 4. To learn the methods in developing an expository writing, eg: comparison and contrast; the use of examples; 5.To appreciate the language features .,1. Background information,(1924 London- 1990 Washington, D.C.) a British political jo

3、urnalist and social critic；,He spent 36 years as a prominent freelance writer, appearing in The Spectator （in London）, The New Republic, The Washington Post, The New Yorker, and many other papers and magazines.,The Old English/ Anglo-Saxon English (449-1066);,The Middle English /French- influenced E

4、nglish (1066-1500 ),The modern English (1500- the present): Early modern English (1500-1800) Late modern English (1800-the present),The Old English: In 449, the Angles, Saxon, and Jutes from Northwest of Germany conquered the most part of England.,The Middle English: In 1066 William the Conqueror, t

5、he Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England. (The Norman Conquest) In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added.,Early modern English (1500-1800): Many Latin and Greek words and phrases entered the language during Renaissance. Spelling and gra

6、mmar became fixed, and the dialect of London became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.,Late Modern English (1800-Present): The English colonization of different countries resulted in the creation of a variety of English: American English, Australian English, New Zealan

7、d English, Canadian English, South African English and Indian English. Later on, some words from science and technology and words from other countries also add to modern English.,1.Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death: taking the throne promised by Edward.,2. Consequence: He

8、replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Normans dominates over Saxons with supremacy in every fields, eg. language, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French.,2. Structure analysis,The li

9、terary style?,Main content?,What is a pub and pub talk？,2.1 Understanding the title: Pub Talk and the Kings English,And the Kings English or Queens English?,The text talks about what makes good conversation by using the Kings English as an accidental conversation topic.,No.,The art of good conversat

10、ion,2.2 The literary style?,Exposition: To illustrate or explain the subject by methods of giving examples, definition, or classification, cause and effect, comparison and contrast,This text passes from a general discourse on good conversation to a particular instances of it, and ends up with emphas

11、is on what ruins all conversation.,2.3 Structure,Part III: The writer resumed to the topic of how to make a good conversation.,Part I: What is and what makes a good conversation.,Part III: Para. 18-21,Part II: Para. 4-11, Para. 12-17,Part I: Para. 1-3,Part II: The topic “the kings English” was discu

12、ssed unawares during a pub talk. Study or reflections done about the kings or queens English.,3. Detailed study of the text,Paraphrase those are his friend Athos, Porthos, and Aramis inseparable friends who live by the motto “one for all, all for one”. Comparison and simile. The musketeers supported

13、 each other with all their fortunes and lives but never tried to find out anything about each others private lives. So did the bar friends.,3.1 Part I: (Para1-3),Conclusion: A good conversation has no specific topic to start from and no need to persuade others to agree on the view. Pub, as a most im

14、portant public place for social communication, has the charm to let people freely talk with privacy safely protected.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Words continually moving about. Metaphor.,conversation,bird,Kept flying,Conversation became spirited and exciting (again).,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12

15、-17),Para 9 .Even if our menus were not written in French out of snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English out of snobbery: in order to show ones superior tastes in food, position or status; Norman English: words/phrases introduced into the English language by the Norman ru

16、lers. Paraphrase: In English high-class restaurants, names of dishes on menus written in French, showing French peoples superior position as western people consider French food the best. Even sometimes menus written in English, the words were borrowed ones from French.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17

17、),Para10 So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin. paraphrase: Because Norman rulers do not like eating rabbit meat, when referring to it, we still use the Anglo-Saxon name “rabbit”, not the derived name from French “ lapin”.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-1

18、7),Para 11 into the shoes: to think as if one were wearing shoes of Saxon peasants. paraphrase: When listen to merits and demerits of bilingual education, we should try to think as the Saxons did when two languages being used in England. Implying: Bilingual education causes inconvenience or difficul

19、ties in communication.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para 11 The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. Paraphrase: By using French instead of English, the new ruling class made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb t

20、he culture of the rulers.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para 11 And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it. it: cultural humiliation. The sentence means : a. English used now in America shows French influence of that time; b. America facing same problem existing in Engl

21、and 900 years ago. That is the problem of having two languages (English Not to win or make a point.,Kings English, Australia, Saxon churls, the language barriers,“not need to be settled; it could still go ignorantly on.” “who was right, who was wrong, did not matter.”,what makes good conversation?,3

22、.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para12-17: Studies or reflections done about the kings or queens English.,Thomas Nash: English satirist (1567-1601),Thomas Dekker: English dramatist and pamphleteer. (1572-1632),Shakespeare: English playwright and poet. (1564-1616),French of Normans and the Angevins an

23、d Plantagenets,dictionary,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Archaic spelling,Para 12 “Strange News of the intercepting of Certain Letters” “Strange News of the Intercepting Certain Letters” “ thou clipst the Kings English” Middle English “you clip the Kings English”,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Par

24、a12 here will be an old abusing of Gods patience and the Kings English, “Old” means it happened before. abusing: a. take unfair or undue advantage of (ones patience); b. improper or incorrect use of language (the Kings English). Gods patience: No matter how patient you are, you wont be able to bear

25、him, because he will even try Gods patience when God is more patient than any human being. paraphrase: There will be a great trying of ones patience and plentiful misuse of the Kings English.,在溫莎的風(fēng)流娘兒們中，快嘴桂嫂在講到她家老爺回來后 將會有的盛怒情形時說，“又少不了一頓臭罵，罵得鬼哭神愁， 倫敦的官話(即“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”)不知要給他糟蹋成個什么樣子啦?！?(朱生豪譯) 后來的事實(shí)果然被她說中了。,3

26、.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para13 The conquered conquering the conqueror: English The Norman rulers and French language True in both senses. The Norman rulers and French language were both absorbed by English.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para13 English had come royally into its own: come int

27、o ones own: to receive what properly belongs to one, especially acclaim or recognition. paraphrase: The English language received proper recognition and was used by the king once again.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para14 The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multipli

28、ed, and floated to the ends of the earth The Elizabethans: English writers in Elizabethan Times (15581603). it: English language. Extended simile.,Seeds Of dandelion,English,being spread far and wide by the Elizabethan writers,multiplied and floated everywhere,In Elizabethan era：,The establishing of

29、 an English Protestant church; The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588; The height of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry, music and literature; England was more expansive and more optimistic.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para14 “The Kings English” was no longer a form of wha

30、t would now be regarded as racial discrimination racial discrimination: After Norman Conquest, English people found using English was thought to be a racial discrimination for ruling class used French instead of English. paraphrase: Now they dont think so because it is used by both the king and comm

31、on people in England.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para 15 The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously(Para 15) paraphrase: The phrase, the kings English, has always been used disparagingly/disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very o

32、ften make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para 15 Sentence 3: paraphrase: Educated people speak euphemistically or in a roundabout way; ordinary people speak a more vigorous, direct and straightforward language. But as an educated person,

33、Dr. Caius sometimes may not control himself and use same language as ordinary people.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para15 English as it should be spoke: Educated people insist using the Kings English; working people will mock and jeer at them by replying in non-standard English that one should sp

34、eak “English as it should be spoke.”,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para16 There is always a great danger that “words will harden into things for us.” Paraphrase: There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.

35、,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para16 and the Kings English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. paraphrase: The Kings English or the Anglo-French used by Norman rulers represents the language used by ruling class (or the King or Queen). It represents the la

36、nguage used by a certain class.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para16 Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below paraphrase: People should not be ordered to speak the Kings English and they should be allowed to introduce

37、changes into the language.,3.2 Part II: (Para 4-11, 12-17),Para17 ultimatum: final demand to be accepted without discussion paraphrase: The Kings English sets up an excellent standard for us to imitate, for we can gain a lot of useful knowledge or information by studying it but people shouldnt be fo

38、rced to completely accept it.,Question: Whats the purpose for mentioning many literary studies and self-reflection of dictionary issue on “Kings English” ? - To show the loose organization; - To highlight the theme.,3.3 Part III: (Para 18-21),Para18 Even with the most educated and the most literate,

39、 the Kings English slips and slides in conversation. Alliteration transitional paragraph; the studies on the history and meaning of the Kings English; his love for dictionaries and the salons of 18th century Paris.,2. Using highly informal language: idiomatic expressions ; literary allusions in refer