1、精選文檔一、理解英語(yǔ)原文，拆分語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)由于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言具有“形合”的特點(diǎn)，也就是說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)句子無(wú)論多么復(fù)雜，都是通過(guò)一些語(yǔ)法手段和邏輯手段連接起來(lái)的“像葡萄藤一樣”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果搞不清楚句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，考生是很難做出正確的翻譯的。因此在翻譯句子之前，必須先通讀全句，一邊讀一邊拆分句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，這是正式動(dòng)筆翻譯之前的一項(xiàng)重要準(zhǔn)備工作。怎么拆分呢?具體來(lái)講，考生可以尋找下面一些“信號(hào)詞”來(lái)對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子進(jìn)行拆分，進(jìn)而更加有效地理解英語(yǔ)原文。1.基本原則：把主句和從句拆分出來(lái)，把主干部分和修飾部分拆分出來(lái)。2.連詞：如and, or, but, yet, for等并列連詞連接著并列句;還有連接狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞

2、，如：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, since, thought, although, so that, .等等;它們是考生要尋找的第一大拆分點(diǎn)。3.關(guān)系詞：如連接名詞性從句的who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等關(guān)系代詞和when, where, how, why等關(guān)系副詞;還有連接定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞，如who, which, that, whom, whose等等;它們是第二大拆分點(diǎn)。4.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)常常斷開(kāi)句子的主干和修飾部分，也是一個(gè)明顯

3、的拆分點(diǎn)。5. 除此之外，介詞on, in, with, at, of, to等引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式符號(hào)to，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)也可以作為拆分點(diǎn)。例如：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenom

4、ena.(35詞，2003年62題)拆分本句的信號(hào)詞有：which, in, that。注意本句出現(xiàn)的兩個(gè)and連接的是幾個(gè)詞匯，并非句子，所以不用作為拆分點(diǎn)。因此這個(gè)句子可以拆分成四個(gè)片段。拆分后句子的總結(jié)構(gòu)是：(1)主干Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;(2)定語(yǔ)從句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors;(3)方式狀語(yǔ)in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner;(4)定語(yǔ)

5、從句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena。二、運(yùn)用翻譯策略，組合漢語(yǔ)譯文正確理解原文后，接下來(lái)就是翻譯。翻譯時(shí)，關(guān)鍵是綜合運(yùn)用各種翻譯方法將英文的原意忠實(shí)地表達(dá)出來(lái)。主要有如下翻譯技巧。1.詞匯的增減轉(zhuǎn)由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的差異，在英文看上去比較正常的句子，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果不或增或減一些詞可能無(wú)法把英文的原意表達(dá)出來(lái)，這樣就需要適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用添減詞法。詞本無(wú)意，意由境生，翻譯時(shí)考生需要注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)化，經(jīng)常碰到將名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞翻譯，將具體名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成抽象名詞進(jìn)行翻譯的情況。2.代詞的譯法代詞一般需要轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞，即把其所

6、指代的意義譯出。3.人名地名的譯法，知道的可以譯出來(lái)，不知道可以音譯，再將英語(yǔ)原詞抄寫(xiě)一遍，用括號(hào)括起來(lái)，比如Whorf可以處理為：沃爾夫(Whorf)4.很多被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)如果機(jī)械的翻成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，可能會(huì)讓人看了覺(jué)得別扭，因此需要轉(zhuǎn)為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?？梢栽黾尤f(wàn)能邏輯主語(yǔ)人們，可以選取中文特有的表示被動(dòng)的詞匯，比如“得以”，“使得”，“將”等，英文中出現(xiàn)by，可將by后面的名詞作為主語(yǔ)翻譯。5.定語(yǔ)從句的譯法第一種譯法，當(dāng)從句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義比較簡(jiǎn)單，不會(huì)對(duì)主句部分造成理解上的困難，此時(shí)可以前置法，把它翻譯成“的”的定語(yǔ)詞組，并放在被修飾詞的前面。將英語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句。第二種譯法，當(dāng)從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，

7、意義較為繁瑣，意思表達(dá)不清時(shí)，選擇用后置法，此時(shí)把定語(yǔ)從句單獨(dú)翻譯成一個(gè)句子，放在原來(lái)它所修飾的詞的后面，關(guān)系代詞可以翻譯為先行詞，或者與先行詞相對(duì)應(yīng)的代詞。第三種譯法，一些定語(yǔ)從句，不僅只是起到一個(gè)定語(yǔ)的修飾作用，而且在邏輯上與主句有狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系，用來(lái)解釋原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步等。此時(shí)，我們盡量從意義上發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯上的關(guān)系，然后翻譯成漢語(yǔ)中相對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯關(guān)系，把定語(yǔ)從句翻譯為狀語(yǔ)從句。6.狀語(yǔ)從句的譯法狀語(yǔ)從句較為簡(jiǎn)單，考生需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注如下引導(dǎo)詞：since, howerve, while, for, as，根據(jù)具體的句際邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)確定其語(yǔ)境意義。7.對(duì)于特殊結(jié)構(gòu)，比如倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)對(duì)策略在

8、于調(diào)整原文的順序，找到成分搭配關(guān)系。三、校核、調(diào)整、成文組合成中文之后，考生一定要再檢查一遍，做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，最終成文。校核主要有三個(gè)方面：一是檢查譯文是否忠實(shí)于原文。通過(guò)把譯文和原文對(duì)照比較往往能發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題;二是檢查譯文本身是否通順或表達(dá)清楚。把譯文通讀一遍，如果覺(jué)得讀起來(lái)很別扭或者有歧義，那很有可能是翻譯不通或表達(dá)不清楚，適當(dāng)增減詞或調(diào)整語(yǔ)序通常能解決這一問(wèn)題;三是檢查譯文是否有筆誤，是否有漏洞，是否有代詞未轉(zhuǎn)譯，時(shí)態(tài)是否譯出，數(shù)字、日期是否譯錯(cuò)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否用錯(cuò)等。First, understand English original, split grammatical structure

9、Because the English language has the characteristics of the shape, that is to say, no matter how complex, English sentence are connected by some grammar and logic means like a vine structure. If cant figure out the grammar of the sentence structure, the examinee is difficult to make a correct transl

10、ation. So before translate the sentence, you must first read through the whole sentence, split as he read the grammar of the sentence structure, it is an important formal writing translation before preparation.How do you break up? In particular, students can find some signal word below to take apart

11、 English sentences, and more effective understanding of the original English.Basic principles: 1.Split the main clause and subordinate clause and the main parts and modified split.2. Conjunctions:Such as and, or, but, yet, for coordinating conjunctions such as connecting the compound; And connected

12、to the adverbial clause connectors, such as: the when, as, since, until, before, after, the where, because, since, thought that day, so that,. And so on; They are candidates for the first big split points.3. The relationship between word:Such as connection nominal clause of the who, disappearance, w

13、hose, what, which, whatever, whichever and other relative pronouns and the when, where, how, according to relationship such as adverbs; Relative pronouns and connect the attributive clause, such as the who, which, that, disappearance, whose etc.; They are the second big split points.4. Punctuation m

14、arks:Punctuation is often disconnected trunk and modified part of the sentence, is also a clear break point.5. In addition, the preposition on, in, with, ats, readability, such as to guide the prepositional phrase, infinitive symbol to the participle structure can also be used as a break point.For e

15、xample: Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. The items (35, 2003, 2003)Break up the signal word of this

16、sentence: which, in that sentence. Note that this sentence appeared two and connection is a few words, is not a sentence, so you dont have as a break point. Therefore this sentence can be split into four pieces. After break up the total structure of a sentence is:(1) the main Social science is that

17、branch of intellectual enquiry;(2) the attributive clause which seeks to study humans and their endeavors.(3) the manner adverbial in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner;(4) the attributive clause that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Second, the

18、use of translation strategies, combination of Chinese translationCorrect understanding of the original, then there is translation. When translating, the key is the integrated use of various translation methods of English original intention expressed faithfully. Basically has the following translatio

19、n skills.1. The vocabulary of increase or decrease in turnDue to the differences in English and Chinese languages, look more normal sentences in English, translated into Chinese, if not or plus or minus some words may not be able to express the meaning of English, so you need to properly use lexical

20、 reduction. Word, unconsciously, by the environmental meaning, translation candidates need to pay attention to the conversion of part of speech, often encounter translate nouns into verbs, the concrete noun translate into an abstract noun.2. The pronoun of translationUsually need to translated into

21、noun, pronoun that it refers to the meaning of the translation.3. The names of place name translation, know that can be translated, dont know, I can English original word copy again, use parentheses, such as Whorf can process is: the Wolf (Whorf)4. A lot of passive voice if machinery into the passiv

22、e voice, can make people feel uncomfortable, so you need to active voice. Can increase the universal logical subject, people can choose Chinese unique said passive vocabulary, such as to, making, will and so on, by appearing in English, can be translated by the back of the noun as the subject.5. Tra

23、nslation of attributive clauseThe first translation, when the structure and meaning of clause is simpler, not part of the main clause, making it difficult to understand at this moment can lead method, translate it into a . attributive phrase, and in the front of the modifiers. Translate English comp

24、lex sentence into Chinese simple sentences. The second translation, when clause structure is relatively complex, meaning more cumbersome, meaning is not clear, choose a rear method, at this time the attributive clause alone translated into a sentence, behind in term of the old it is modified, relati

25、ve pronouns can be translated as antecedent, or the pronoun and corresponding antecedent. The third kind of translation, some attributive clause, not only have an attributive modifier effect, and logically adverbial relationship with the main clause, explain reasons, conditions, results, concessions

26、, etc. From sense at this point, we try to find the logical relations, then translated into Chinese in the corresponding logical relationship, translate the attributive clause as adverbial clauses.6. Translation adverbial clauseAdverbial clause is relatively simple, the examinee should focus on the

27、following guide word: since, howerve, while, for, as, according to the specific words of interstate the contextual meaning is determined by the logical relationship.7. The special structure, such as inversion structure, space structure, strategy is to adjust the order of the original, find the ingredient collocation.Third, ch