1、Lesson Five,Love is a Fallacy - by Max Shulman,Aims,To have a basic knowledge of the terms in logic. To appreciate the humor in the story. To analyze the structure of the story To appreciate the language,Teaching Contents,Special terms in logic Detailed study of the text Organizational pattern The c

2、hief attraction of the story Language features Exercises,Time allocation,Terms in logic (15 min.) Detailed study of the text (110 min.) Structure analysis (15 min.) Language appreciation (15 min.) Exercise (25 min.),Lesson Five,I. Special terms in logic argument-a statement which is offered as an ev

3、idence or a proof. It consists of two major elements 1. conclusion 2. premises - a previous statement serving as a basis for an argument. Conclusion is to be drawn from premises.,Special terms in logic,fallacy - false reasoning, as in an argument a weakness and lack of logic or good sense in an argu

4、ment or piece of reasoning,fallacy,Usually, an argument is correct (deductively valid) if the premises can provide enough conclusive evidence for the conclusion. Otherwise the argument is wrong. It is said to be fallacious.,Special terms in logic,Three kinds of fallacy: 1. material fallacy - in its

5、material content through a misstatement of the facts. 2. verbal fallacy - in its wording through an incorrect use of terms. 3. formal fallacy-in its structure through the use of an improper process of inference.,False Analogy,High school should not require a freshman writing course . Harvard doesnt

6、require a freshman writing course, and the students get along fine without it. - The analogy is false because the two items dont have strong enough similarities to predict that what happens in one will happen in the other.,Dicta Simpliciter,Everyone wants to get married someday. - The example starts

7、 a logical train of thought with an assumption that is false. Not everyone wants to get married.,Evading the issue,There are a number of handy fallacies that people press into service to side step a problem while appearing to pursue the point. (文不對(duì)題),1）Distraction,Suds n Puds is a great restaurant :

8、 you can see how shining clean the kitchens are . - The example is called distraction because the readers attention is drawn to the cleanliness of the kitchen instead of to the excellence of the food, which is usually the determiner of a great restaurant.,2）Ad hominem,against the person. poisoning t

9、he well Ms Bauer is a terrible English teacher. She always wears blue jeans - Instead of point out faults in teaching technique, it calls attention to things about a teacher as a person that are unrelated to her teaching performance.,3）Ad misericordian (an appeal to pity),Look at this fourteen-year-

10、old child whos run away from home to hide her shame- pregnant, unwashed, friendless. penniless, at the mercy of our social service agencies. Can you till claim that sex should be taught in the classroom?,3）Ad misericordian (an appeal to pity),- In this shifty approach to argumentation, the writer gi

11、ves tear jerking descriptions of the cruel opponents victims in order to arouse sympathy from the reader.,Hasty Generalization,Mr Wangs handwriting is terrible. Mr. Hus handwriting is also terrible and you know how terrible mens handwriting is . - It applies a special case to general rule. That fact

12、 that certain persons handwriting is bad doesnt imply that all mens handwriting is bad.,Post hoc, ergo propter hoc ,“After this, therefore because of this The last five times that Ive worn my white pants, something depressing has happened. Im not going to wear those pants again! - This fallacy assum

13、es that if event Y happened after event X, then X must be the cause of Y.,Circular Reasoning,or Begging the question: Juan is an impressive speaker because he always touches his listeners deeply.,Circular Reasoning,- This problem occurs when the writer tries to support a claim by restating it in dif

14、ferent words. You can tell this example is circular by considering this “Why is Juan an impressive speaker?” “Because he touches his listeners deeply.?” “Why are Juans listeners touched so deeply?” “Because he is an impressive speaker.” impressive = touching someone deeply,Appeal to the Wrong Author

15、ity,My political science teacher says that the new math is impossible for children to learn“.,Appeal to the Wrong Authority,- If the student believes that political science teachers low opinion of new math strongly supports an argument against new math, the student is wrong. The political science te

16、acher is an authority, but in a different field.,Non Sequitur - it doesnt follow,Students who take earth science instead of physics are lazy. Susie took earth science instead of physics. Susie should be kicked out of school - If the first statement is correct, then you could conclude that Susie is l

17、azy. But theres nothing in that line of reasoning that says lazy students should be kicked out of school. The conclusion doesnt follow.,II. Detailed study of the text:,title - humorous/ well chosen 1. When fallacy is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: There is a deceptive or delusive qual

18、ity about love. Love has delusive qualities,Detailed study of the text:,2. When fallacy is having logical sense, it means : Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. Love can not follow the given rules. Love is an error, a deception and an emotion that does not follow the principles of lo

19、gic.,Charles Lamb (1775-1834),English essayist and critic who is now best known for his Essays of Elia (1823,1833). He collaborated with his sister Mary in adapting Shakespeares plays into stories for children. Tales from Shakespeare Specimens of English Dramatic Poets,unfetter- set free,let sth go

20、freely / be completely out of control limp - drooping, lacking firmness flaccid - soft, flabby spongy - soft, porous, full of holes, not firm specific characteristics of his writing (essay). He is joking , not serious,Thomas Carlyle ( 1795-188),English author, Scottish writer He influenced social th

21、inking about he new industrial working class through his essay Chartism and his book “The Present and the Past”. He is best known for his epic history of “The French Revolution” 1837 and his lectures “On Heroes and Hero-Workshop” 1841,Thomas Carlyle ( 1795-188),He produced Sartor Resartus 1833-34, t

22、he book in which he first developed his characteristic style and thought. This book is a veiled Sardonic (scornful 挖苦的) attack upon the shams and pretences of society, upon hollow rank, hollow officialism, hollow custom, out of which life and usefulness have departed.,Thomas Carlyle ( 1795-188),Carl

23、yle developed a peculiar style of his own which was called - Carlyese Carlylism Style - a compound of biblical phrases colloquialisms Teutonic （條頓的，日爾曼的）twists his own coinings arranged in unexpected sequences.,John Ruskin - (1819-1900),*5image-1Ruskin* English critic and social theorist a writer on

24、 art and architecture In his later writings he attacked social and economic problems Modern Painters The Stones of Venice The Seven Lamps of Architecture Time and Tide,John Ruskin - (1819-1900),Positive program for social reforms: Sesame and Lilies （芝麻和百合） The Crown of Wild Olive The King of the Gol

25、den River,Implication:,My writing is even more informal. I can do better than them. He says this only with his tongue in cheek.,What is his purpose of writing this essay?,He compared logic to a living thing ( a human being). Logic is not at all a dry learned branch of learning. It is like a living h

26、uman being, full of beauty, passion and painful emotional shocks.,trauma ,a term in psychiatry meaning a painful emotional experience.,Authors note,1) His own idea about his own essay. From his point of view, his essay is sth limp, spongy. It is very informal. 2) His own idea about the purpose of th

27、at essay. It is not a dry branch of learning , but like a human being.,Para 4,Introduction of the narrator - a law student Notice the way he introduced himself boasting,keen ,(of the mind) active, sensitive, sharp (syn. nimble, quick, adroit prompt, sharp smart swift) 敏捷的，敏銳的 sight 敏銳的視力 intelligenc

28、e 敏捷的智力,calculating -,coldly panning and thinking about future actions and esp. whether they will be good or bad for oneself.,perspicacious -,fml. quick to judge and understand 敏于判斷與了解， 敏捷 having or showing keen judgment and understanding,acute, astute,acute- (senses, sensation, intellect) 五官，感受，智力

29、able to notice small differences Dogs have an acute sense of smell. astute - shrewd , quick at seeing how to gain an advantage clever and able to see quickly sth, that is to ones advantage.精明的，狡黠的,comparison,His brain 1. dynamo - powerful 2. a chemists scales- precise, accurate 3. scalpel - penetrat

30、ing,Para.5,introduction of the first antagonist Petey Burch He downgrades his roommate. nothing upstairs - (Am. slang) empty-headed,unstable,unstable - easily moved, upset or changed emotional - having feelings which are strong or easily moved,impressionable,- easy to be influenced, often with the r

31、esult that ones feeling and ideas change easily and esp. that one is ready to admire other people.,fad,- a style etc that interests many people for a short time, passing fashion.,negation,- the lack or opposite of sth. positive, The opposite or absence of something regarded as actual, positive, or a

32、ffirmative. Reason - the ability to think, draw conclusions Fads / passing fashions, in my opinion, show a complete lack of reason.,to be swept up in,- to be carried away by follow enthusiastically,idiocy,- great foolishness or stupidity,pound - to hit hard,to deliver heavy, repeated blows,Charlesto

33、n,*5image-2* - a quick spirited dance of the 1920s, in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step.,Raccoon,-浣熊 the fur of a small, tree climbing mammal of N. America, having yellowish gray fur and a black, bushy ringed tail.呈環(huán)狀花紋的尾巴 *5image-3raccoon*,incredulously,- showing disbelief, unbelieving an

34、 incredulous look/ smile,in the swim,- knowing about and concerned in what is going on in modern life. active in or conforming to current fashions,mixed metaphor:,1. brain - a precision instrument 2. brain - a machine that has gears,gear-,any of several arrangements, esp. of toothed wheels in a mach

35、ine, which allows power to be passed from one part to another so as to control the power, speed or direction of movement.,gear-,bottom gear top gear low - in a car which is used for starting high - for going fast,gear-,If you say that a person, system, or process is in a particular gear, you are tal

36、king about the speed, energy, or efficiency with which they are working or functioning. eg. It took time to shift back into normal gear for boring routine tasks. She knew how to change gear in order to achieve the right result. The Chinese economy will be in high gear.,stroke ,pass the hand over gen

37、tly, esp. for pleasure The cat likes to be stroked. (over the surface of ),Para. 23,the introduction of the second antagonist,cerebral ,(fml, humor) 理智的 1. of the brain 2. intellectual, excluding the emotions tending to or showing (too much) serious thinking,gracious - polite,kind pleasant What are

38、the specifications of his future wife? 1. beautiful 2. gracious 3. intelligent,carriage,- (sing) the manner of carrying oneself, bearing the manner of holding ones head, limbs, and body when standing or walking. physical aspects of persons bearing 體態(tài)， 儀態(tài) Dancing can improve the carriage. 舞蹈能增進(jìn)體態(tài)美。,d

39、eportment - fml.,1. Br.E the way a person, esp. a young lady, stands and walks 2. Am.E the way a person, esp, a young lady, behaves in the company of others,bearing,- manner of holding ones body or way of behaving （physical /mental posture）舉止，儀態(tài) She has a very modest bearing. 她舉止淑靜。,breeding -,polit

40、e social behavior,pot roast,- a piece of beef cooked only with a little water after having been made brown by cooking in hot fat.,makings,- qualities, the possibility of developing into 素質(zhì) He has the makings of a good doctor. He has in him the makings of a great man.,dipper,a long-handled cup esp fo

41、r dipping a dipper of sauerkraut - a small cupful of pickled chopped cabbage veer - change in direction, shift, turn,go steady,- (Am. coll.) to date sb of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweetheart,wink - v. n.,v. to close and open (one eye) rapidly, usu, as signal between people, esp

42、 of amusement He winked at her and she knew he was only pretending to be angry. n. a winking movement He left the room with a wink of the eye. She gave me a wink.,mince ,to lessen the force of , weaken, as by euphemism If you do not mince your words, you tell sb sth, unpleasant without making any ef

43、fort to be polite or to avoid upsetting them. I never mince words, you know that. 直言不諱,torn-,tear-destroy the peace of to divide with doubt, uncertainty, agitate, torment He was agitated and torn, not knowing what was the right thing to do. a heart torn by grief,swivel - v. move round,The chair swiv

44、eled to the right when he tried it. 1) If you swivel or swivel round, you turn round quickly, especially when you are in a sitting position. 2) If you swivel your head or eyes in a particular direction, you turn your head or eyes in that direction, so that you can look at sth.,wax ,increase in stren

45、gth, size/ grow, extend, enlarge,wane ,decrease , fail, diminish, sink If sth waxes and wanes, it first increases and then decreases over a period of time. eg. My feelings for John wax and wane. The popularity of the film stars waxed and waned.,comply ,act on a accordance with a request, order etc.,

46、bunch ,collect, gather in bunches (here) stand up,Deal,- an arrangement to the advantage of both sides, often in business bargain, transaction,loom - appear 朦朧出現(xiàn),to come into sight without a clear form, esp. in a way that appears very large and unfriendly, causing fear. If sth. looms, it appears as

47、a problem or event that is approaching, or that will soon happen, a rather literary use. eg. This looms as a big question for many new parents.,no small,Understatement-Restraint or lack of emphasis in expression, as for rhetorical effect. .保守的陳述, 掩飾 litotes - A figure of speech consisting of an unde

48、rstatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite, as in: This is no small problem. 曲言法, 間接表達(dá)法, 反語法 (以反面的否定代替肯定的詞格, 如:no easy 代替 very difficult, not bad 代替 very good 等),dimension,- a measurement in any one direction, extent,wow-dow,- (interjection) an exclamation of surprise,

49、wonder, pleasure etc,wince,- to move suddenly as if drawing the body away from sth unpleasant She winced as she touched the cold body. She winced (mentally) at his angry words.,chirp,- make the short sharp sounds of small birds or some insects, say or speak in a way that sounds like this. She chirpe

50、d (out) her thanks.,doom,- cause to experience or suffer sth unavoidable and unpleasant such as death or destruction From the start, the plan was doomed to failure (to fail). We are doomed to unhappiness. He was doomed to be killed in a car crash.,- proof ,resistant to, make to give protection again

51、st fire-proof waterproof watch a bullet-proof car a sound-proof room,metaphor:,Pollys mind - the extinct crater of a volcano extinct - no longer burning Her Intelligence - embers ( ashes of a dying fire) 余燼,crater,- the round bowl-shaped mouth of a volcano,ember - (usu. pl.),a red-hot piece of wood

52、or coal esp, in a fire that is no longer burning with flames.,admittedly,- by admission or general agreement confessedly,prospect,- future probabilities based on present indications or analyses,hope,- based on desire, with or without any likelihood that the hoped for will happen or materialize Paren

53、ts have high hopes for their children. A man saves money in the hope that inflation will not wipe it out.,appeal,- to make a strong request for help, support, mercy, beg He appealed to his attacker for mercy.,blue-prints -,a photographic copy of a plan for making a machine or building a house. The p

54、lans for improving the educational system have only reached the blueprint stage so far.,pitchblende -,n. 瀝青油礦 a dark shiny substance dug from the earth, from which uranium and radium are obtained. fracture - break, crack, split,hypothesis,- an idea which is thought suitable to explain the facts abou

55、t sth. an idea which is suggested as a possible explanation for a particular situation or condition, but which has not yet been proved to be correct. eg. People have proposed all kinds of hypothesis about what these things are.,cute,1. clever, shrewd 2. pretty, attractive, esp in a dainty way,argue

56、- general word,a reasoned presentation of views or a heated exchange of opinion amounting to a quarrel They argued vociferously over who should pay the bill.,argue,The MP argued his position with such cogency and wit that even his opponents were impressed. 這個(gè)議員對(duì)自己的主張進(jìn)行如此有說服力和機(jī)智的辯論，使他的對(duì)手也對(duì)此留下深刻地印象。,d

57、ebate,- argue formally, usually under the control of a referee and according to a set of regulations. The House of Commons debated the proposal for three weeks.,hamstring ,to cut the hamstring destroying the ability to walk a cord-like tendon at the back of the leg, joining a muscle to a bone claw-

58、scratch, clutch, as with claws (nails) scrape - scratch, cut the surface of slightly,Over and over,Over and over again I gave examples and pointed out the mistakes in her thinking . I kept emphasizing all this without stopping. to hammer away to keep emphasizing or talking about let-up stopping, rel

59、axing,She was a fit,Here the narrator described the role which he thinks, a wife should play. well-heeled : (American slang) rich, prosperous,fashion - v.,to shape or make (sth) into or out of sth. usually with ones hands or with only a few tools a hat out a leaves some leave into a hat,The time had come,The time had come to change our relationship from that of teacher and student to that of lovers. academic: scholastic; educational; of students,teachers.