1、Chapter ThreeMajor Translation Approaches翻譯常用方法,So when the original coincides or almost tallies with the target language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation can be used.,(2) Literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological

2、content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and sentence structures of patterns.,在金堤和奈達(dá)合著的“論翻譯”一書中，列舉了人們對(duì)“直譯”幾種看法或理解： (1)Following the word order of the original. (2)Trying to reproduce the syntactic clauses of the source languages. (e.g. transl

3、ating nouns by nouns and verbs by verbs.),3)Trying to match all the syntactic constructions, actives, passives, relative clauses, conditions contrary to fact, etc.,(4)Trying to follow a strict concordance of lexical items, that is always translating one word in the source language by one and the sam

4、e corresponding word in the target language.,(5)Matching rhetorical features (e.g. parallelism, hyperbole, etc.),e.g. 1) The rewards for the Chinese people are clear, most visibly in the dynamism and prosperity of Beijing and the coastal cities.,e.g. 1) The rewards for the Chinese people are clear,

5、most visibly in the dynamism and prosperity of Beijing and the coastal cities. 中國(guó)人民獲得的實(shí)惠顯而易見，北京和沿海城市的勃勃生機(jī)和繁榮興旺就是最明顯的見證。,2) For the international community, the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown rapidly to be the worlds sixth largest economy, and is set to grow furthe

6、r.,2) For the international community, the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown rapidly to be the worlds sixth largest economy, and is set to grow further. 對(duì)國(guó)際社會(huì)來(lái)說(shuō)，這些變化帶來(lái)的最引人注目的結(jié)果是中國(guó)已躍居為世界第六經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó)，而且今后注定進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。,3) Chinas rapid emergence as a major world actor is a tribute

7、to the drive and entrepreneurial economic reforms she has pursued over the past two decades.,3) Chinas rapid emergence as a major world actor is a tribute to the drive and entrepreneurial economic reforms she has pursued over the past two decades. 中國(guó)迅速崛起，成為世界舞臺(tái)上表演重要角色的一個(gè)國(guó)家，這應(yīng)歸功于中國(guó)人民的努力和進(jìn)取精神，尤其應(yīng)歸功于過去

8、20年里中國(guó)所推行的根本性的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。,baptism of war to show ones cards to be armed to the teeth to shed crocodile tears gentlemens agreement,baptism of war 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)洗禮 to show ones cards 攤牌 to be armed to the teeth 武裝到牙齒 to shed crocodile tears 掉鱷魚眼淚 gentlemens agreement 君子協(xié)定,an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth ray of h

9、ope His life hangs on a thread.,an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth 以眼還眼，以牙還牙 ray of hope 希望之光 His life hangs on a thread. 他的生命懸于一線。,Cast a shadow over 紙老虎 一國(guó)兩制,Cast a shadow over 籠罩上一層陰影 紙老虎 paper tiger 一國(guó)兩制 one country, two systems,to fish in troubled water 渾水摸魚 Blood is thicker than water. 血濃于

10、水,由于大多數(shù)諺語(yǔ)采用生動(dòng)形象的比喻，只要不影響譯文讀者的理解，應(yīng)盡可能使用直譯的方法，把原文的內(nèi)容、形式和風(fēng)格都輸入到譯文中去，努力減少翻譯中的損失。 1. If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 同時(shí)追兩兔，全都抓不住。 2. Half a loaf is better than no bread. 有半塊面包總比沒有好。,3. The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up. 水能載舟，亦能覆舟。 4. Better to reign in hell

11、 than serve in heaven. 寧為地獄主，不當(dāng)天堂仆。 5. To save time is to lengthen life. 節(jié)約時(shí)間就等于延長(zhǎng)生命。,3.1.2 Free translation (意譯) Free translation or liberal translation means giving up the original image or vehicle and making effort to find an appropriate way to express the intended meaning of the original.,Free t

12、ranslation is also called liberal translation because it does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original. Its a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.意譯是指按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯，所得譯文不符

13、合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的情況下，重新組織句子結(jié)構(gòu)，即舍形式而取內(nèi)容，用貼切的譯入語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)原作的意義。,Free translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of sense-for-sense translation is to accommodate the needs of the

14、 target language reader by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture and which does not therefore sound “foreign” (Shuttleworth if one does not advance, one will retreat.,In translation, the translator can make better use of his capacity in “recreation”, or like the Chinese saying: the translator can give full play to