1、第五講 英語(yǔ)修辭格的翻譯,Translation of English Figures of Speech,Warming up,1.The boy was creeping like snail unwillingly to school. 2.The boy stood rooted. 3. We are dying for the greatest nothing. 4. -What does that lawyer do after he dies? -Lie still.,1. 那男孩像只蝸牛慢慢向前挪動(dòng)，嘟噥著不愿去上學(xué)。 2. 那男孩一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地呆著。 3. 我們?yōu)槟莻ゴ蟮囊晃牟恢?/p>

2、的信念而死。 4. - 那個(gè)律師死后能干什么？ （1）-靜靜地躺著。 （2）-躺著說(shuō)鬼話(huà)。,quiet, light, fresh ,blind, clear, stubborn, cunning, old ,slippery, busy,As _ as a bat. As _ as a bee. As _ as a bell. As _ as a daisy (a kind of flower). As _ as an eel (a kind of fish). As _ as a feather. As _ as a fox. As _ as the hills. As _ as a mo

3、use. As _ as a mule.,修辭格(figures of speech or rhetoric)是提高語(yǔ)言表達(dá)效果的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。它能使語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)形象、具體活潑，給人以美的享受。 比喻、矛盾、雙關(guān)、借代、擬人、夸張、委婉、重復(fù)、反語(yǔ)、排比、對(duì)照等。,常用的修辭,原文作者在文章中使用修辭手法，是為了使語(yǔ)言更加形象生動(dòng)，鮮明突出；或者使語(yǔ)言更加整齊勻稱(chēng)，音調(diào)鏗鏘，以便更深入地闡明事件的意義或刻畫(huà)人物的性格。因此，譯文中若不能正確表現(xiàn)原文的修辭格，就不能準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)作者的思想和文風(fēng)，就不符合“忠實(shí)、通順”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 絕大多數(shù)英語(yǔ)修辭格都能找到與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)修辭格，它們?cè)诮Y(jié)構(gòu)上和修辭作用上都

4、彼此十分相似。根據(jù)這一特點(diǎn)，在翻譯中應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能采用直譯的方法 .,但這種譯法僅限于在用詞和修辭結(jié)構(gòu)上與原文一致情況下使用，但是在有些場(chǎng)合卻不能墨守原文的修辭手法，也不能照搬原文的比喻形象 。理由是英漢兩個(gè)民族的歷史沿革、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣和思維方式各不相同。在這種情況下，就需要采用意譯。我們可以通過(guò)增加詞語(yǔ)、引申詞意、轉(zhuǎn)換修辭格或轉(zhuǎn)換比喻形象等方法來(lái)確切地表達(dá)原文修辭格所表現(xiàn)的感染力。,比喻 擬人 夸張 委婉語(yǔ) 反語(yǔ),Simile,In rhetoric, simile is a figure of speech by which two concepts or two dissimilar thing

5、s are imaginatively and descriptively compared because they have at least one quality or characteristic in common or in resemblance. The commonest connectives are “l(fā)ike” and “as (as)”. Other words used in similes are “more than”, “as if”, “resemble”, “suggest”, etc.,明喻 Simile,英語(yǔ)中的simile和漢語(yǔ)明喻基本格式相同，一

6、般情況下，可以照直翻譯。 as busy as bee 像蜜蜂一樣忙碌 as brave as lion 像獅子一樣勇猛 as black as crow 像烏鴉一般黑 as sharp as knife 像刀一樣鋒利,Metaphor 隱喻,One thing is described in terms of another. Implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words; the word is used not in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it.,

7、My love is a red red rose. When Leah saw the blanket of snow from her bedroom window, she knew school would be cancelled for the day. Lifes but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. Shakespeare, Macbeth From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic,

8、an iron curtain has descended across the continent. W. Churchill,一明喻和隱喻的翻譯方法,Simile (明喻) 和Metaphor (隱喻) 是英語(yǔ)中最常用的修辭手法，它的作用是把要說(shuō)明的事物比喻成另一種具有鮮明的同一特點(diǎn)的事物，從而更形象、更深刻地說(shuō)明事理，增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的表現(xiàn)力。作為修辭手段的比喻，本身是極富詩(shī)意的一種語(yǔ)言形式，只有使讀者領(lǐng)會(huì)了其中的韻味，才可以進(jìn)一步領(lǐng)悟全文的精神，達(dá)到等效翻譯的目的，因此比喻美感的對(duì)等翻譯不容忽視。,英語(yǔ)比喻美感的再現(xiàn)應(yīng)以比喻內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)，發(fā)掘比喻美的真正所在，同時(shí)致力于形式的表現(xiàn)，盡可能用“形神

9、兼?zhèn)洹钡姆g來(lái)傳神達(dá)意。在實(shí)在不可能“形似”時(shí)，要在“神似”的條件下，竭力用其它方法和手段表現(xiàn)出原比喻的意之真諦、美之內(nèi)涵。依據(jù)這一原則，可采用以下方法：,1. 保留差異，等值再現(xiàn),Passion was to go to sleep in the presence of Mrs. General and blood was to change to milk and water. (Dickens. Little Dorrit) 在杰納勒爾夫人跟前，一個(gè)人的激情會(huì)變得麻木不仁，熱血也會(huì)變成摻了水的牛奶。,1. The fury of the crowd erupted like a volc

10、ano. 群眾的憤怒像火山一般爆發(fā)起來(lái)。 2. I cant save myself any more than a clay idol can save itself while swimming across a river. 我本人是泥菩薩過(guò)河，自身難保。 3. If we attack quickly, we can nip the enemys plans in the bud. 如果我們迅速進(jìn)攻，就可以把敵人的計(jì)劃消滅在萌芽狀態(tài)。,我們還可以用加釋意的辦法，既保留了差異，也從語(yǔ)境上幫助讀者接受形象，以感受到形象的意味： Examples: （1）Every family is sa

11、id to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 俗話(huà)說(shuō)，衣柜里面藏骷髏，(見(jiàn)不得人的事家家有。) （2）Advice and correction roll off him like water off a ducks back. 勸導(dǎo)對(duì)他好象水過(guò)鴨背似的(不起作用)。,2. 替換比喻，去異求同,比喻形象在中英民族中概念不同； 比喻的事物是各民族特有的成語(yǔ)典故； 當(dāng)差異不利于理解，而漢語(yǔ)里恰有相對(duì)應(yīng)的固定比喻，可用中國(guó)特有比喻來(lái)替換； 從審美角度看，客體形式的改變，正是為了產(chǎn)生相同的審美效果。,Examples:,（1）He said: “

12、If one has anything to say, it drops from him simply and directly as a stone falls to the ground.” (Henry David Thoreau) 他（指索羅）說(shuō)：“如果一個(gè)人要說(shuō)什么，就應(yīng)像竹筒倒豆子那樣直截了當(dāng)?shù)卣f(shuō)出來(lái)?！?（2）Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster(牡蠣). 史密斯先生可以當(dāng)個(gè)好秘書(shū)，因?yàn)樗乜谌缙俊?as cunning as a dead pig as happy as

13、 a cow a fly in the ointment(油膏) you cant make bricks without straw,像狐貍一樣狡猾 快樂(lè)得像只百靈鳥(niǎo) 一粒老鼠屎壞了一鍋湯 巧婦難為無(wú)米之炊,3、放棄比喻，動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等,如果原比喻的差異既不能保留，又沒(méi)有合適的替換，那就只能放棄比喻。 但為了盡量保其美學(xué)效果，應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的優(yōu)勢(shì)，借助其它手段彌補(bǔ)，以達(dá)到審美效果上的動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等。,Its very plain that the old man I will remain at daggers drawn to the end of our lives, and that I ha

14、ve nothing to expect from him. 很明顯，我同老頭子至死也勢(shì)不兩立/ 劍拔弩張，我不會(huì)從他身上得到什么東西的。,1. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 2. I cant earn enough to keep my body and soul together. 3. When my ship comes in, I will take a trip to Africa. 4. Every life has its roses and thorns.,少時(shí)所學(xué)，到老不忘。 我賺的不夠吃。

15、當(dāng)我發(fā)了財(cái)時(shí)，我要到非洲去。 每個(gè)人的生活都有甜有苦。,直譯+意譯法,1. Most of us are too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise. 我們中的很多人太容易給別人批評(píng)的冷風(fēng)，而不愿意給自己的同伴贊揚(yáng)的陽(yáng)光。 2. Men are April when they woo, December when they wed, maids are May when they

16、maids, but the sky changes when they are wives. (Shakespeare) 男人求愛(ài)時(shí)如和煦的4月，婚后卻像寒冬臘月；閨中少女則宛若溫暖的5月，而為人婦后卻像易變的天氣陰晴莫測(cè)。,擬人（Personification）,The (inanimate) things are treated as animate or human. Attribution of personality to an impersonal thing. 擬人就是把動(dòng)物和沒(méi)有生命的事物當(dāng)成有思想感情的人類(lèi)來(lái)描寫(xiě)，甚至讓它們具有人的行為。這些事物可以是無(wú)生命的實(shí)體，還可以是

17、抽象的概念， 如：a smiling moon（微笑的月亮），a crying city（哭泣的城市），to strangle justice（扼殺正義）。 英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中都有這種修辭手法，在翻譯的時(shí)候一般可采取直譯的方法再現(xiàn)原文的生動(dòng)形象。,Slang is the language that takes off its coat, spit on its hand and goes to work. Carl Sandburg A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes

18、.,1）Yonder sky that has wept tears of compassion upon my people for centuries untold, and which to us appears changeless and eternal, may change. (Chief Seattle, Reply to the U.S. Government) 數(shù)不盡的世代以來(lái)，渺渺蒼天曾為我族灑下多少同情之淚；這個(gè)在我們看來(lái)像是永恒不變的蒼天，還是會(huì)變的。（石幼珊譯）,2）To its residents, Vesuvius was a benefactor not an

19、 enemy. But without any warning, Mount Vesuvius roared to life. 對(duì)于附近居民來(lái)說(shuō)，維蘇威火山是恩人，而不是敵人。然而，在沒(méi)有任何預(yù)兆的情況下，維蘇威火山咆哮著蘇醒了。,由于中英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同，并非所有擬人都適合采用直譯，有時(shí)候采用意譯更會(huì)符合譯文語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣。 The ship sadly caught fire and the plans to make her a floating museum died in the smoldering embers. 這艘船不幸著火了，于是把它建成水上博物館的種種計(jì)劃也在一片燜燃著的灰燼

20、中泡湯了。,夸張 (Hyperbole),Overstatement - extended hyperbole Understatement-reduced hyperbole Exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect 夸張就是通過(guò)有意夸大或縮小事物的某個(gè)方面來(lái)增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，起到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。這種修辭手法具有很強(qiáng)的感染力，在英漢語(yǔ)言中都很常見(jiàn)。 一般情況下，可以直譯，以保持原文的藝術(shù)特色，使譯文具有相同的效果。例如：,Overstatement,And I will luve thee still, my dear Till all the

21、 seas gang dry And the rocks melt wi the sun; O I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. - Red , Red Rose by Robert Burns,親愛(ài)的，我永遠(yuǎn)愛(ài)你， 縱使大海干涸水流盡。 太陽(yáng)將巖石燒作灰塵， 親愛(ài)的，我永遠(yuǎn)愛(ài)你， 只要我一息猶存。 王佐良譯,1. Ive been dying to meet you. 我非常非常想見(jiàn)到你。 2. She has more teeth, white and large and even, tha

22、n are necessary for any practical purpose. 她有一口潔白整齊的大牙，為數(shù)之多已超過(guò)任何實(shí)際需要。 3. I lived a year in a minute. 我度日如年。,委婉語(yǔ) （Euphemism）,Substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant. 英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)一般可分成兩大類(lèi)：傳統(tǒng)委婉語(yǔ)（traditional euphemisms)和文體委婉語(yǔ)s

23、tylistic euphemisms。,所謂傳統(tǒng)委婉語(yǔ)亦稱(chēng)是與禁忌語(yǔ)密切相關(guān)的。 生、病、死、葬、性、裸、拉、撒等禁忌事物，如果直接表達(dá)，那就是禁忌語(yǔ)，給人的感覺(jué)是粗鄙，生硬，刺耳，無(wú)禮。反之，如果間接表達(dá)，這就是委婉語(yǔ)給人的印象是典雅，含蓄，中聽(tīng)，有禮。 所謂文體委婉語(yǔ)，亦稱(chēng)實(shí)際上是恭話(huà)、溢美之詞，與禁忌語(yǔ)并無(wú)關(guān)系。英、美人（尤其是當(dāng)代美國(guó)人）在交際過(guò)程中，為了表示禮貌，為了避免刺激，或是為了爭(zhēng)取合作，有時(shí)會(huì)采用夸飾的法，對(duì)一些令人不快的事物以美言相稱(chēng)。,委婉語(yǔ)就是用委婉語(yǔ)來(lái)取代令人不快的字句，這也是英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中共有的現(xiàn)象。如果在譯入語(yǔ)中有字面上對(duì)應(yīng)的委婉語(yǔ)，如英語(yǔ)中的to be no

24、more 可與漢語(yǔ)中的“不在了”、“沒(méi)了”（諱飾“死”）對(duì)應(yīng)，我們就應(yīng)當(dāng)采取直譯的辦法。如果譯入語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有在字面上與原文對(duì)應(yīng)的委婉語(yǔ)，我們就應(yīng)當(dāng)采用功能上與之相等的委婉語(yǔ)。,如英語(yǔ)中的to be in a delicate condition 不可直譯為“處于嬌弱的狀態(tài)”，但是可以意譯為“有喜”、“身懷六甲”（諱飾 “懷孕”）等。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)該盡量避免采用與原文所諱飾的字句對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行翻譯。例如原文中如使用to pass away（諱飾die），翻譯時(shí)就不應(yīng)該使用“死”一詞，而應(yīng)該使用“去世”、“過(guò)世”等。又如，在討論病人的情況時(shí)，說(shuō)到“他不行了”，可以用He wont make it 來(lái)譯；說(shuō)到

25、Seems he wont survive tomorrow morning，則可以譯為“看樣子他過(guò)不了明天早晨”。,1. That luster has taken a fancy to Middle Eastern dancing. 那個(gè)好色之徒現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始喜歡看肚皮舞。 2. Social diseases are now on the increase in the whole world. 現(xiàn)在全世界性病在不斷增多。 3. She is a little confused. 她瘋了。,反語(yǔ) （Irony）,Irony is a contrast between what is expec

26、ted and what actually happens. The actual intent is expressed in words which carry the opposite meaning. Expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning; the words say one thing but mean another.,反語(yǔ)就是使用與本意相反的詞句來(lái)表達(dá)本意，一般用于諷刺嘲弄。為了保留原文的諷刺效果，通常采用直譯的方法。例如： 1）You gave her good advice, and

27、 broke her heart. That was the beginning of your reformation. (Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray) 你給了她忠告，撕碎了她的心。你就是這樣開(kāi)始你所謂的自我改造的。,2）You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party. (Jane Austin, Pride and Prejudice) 你帶著女兒們?nèi)ゾ托欣?。要不干脆打發(fā)她們自己去，那樣沒(méi)準(zhǔn)更好些。要知道你的模樣跟她們一樣標(biāo)致，賓利先生興許倒會(huì)看上你呢。,Exercises for Figure of Speech,I wandered lonely as a cloud. 我像一朵浮云獨(dú)自漫游。 Theyarelikestreetcarsrunningcontentedly ontheirrails. 這些人猶如街上的有軌電車(chē)，滿(mǎn)足于在自