1、Professional English for Educational Technology,Fang Haiguang Capital Normal University 2008-10,Chapter One The Evolution of the Definitions,首師大方海光 ,目錄,Section AThe Early Definitions,Section BThe AECTs Definitions in 1994,Section CAssumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,Section DThe Future o

2、f Definition,Professional Vocabulary,首師大方海光 ,Unit 1 Section A,The Early Definitions Read it as quickly as possible (5m) Any new words and phrases?,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 1 Audiovisual communication . is that branch of educational theory and practice concerned pr

3、imarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning.,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 2 Instructional technology . is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives,

4、 based on research in human learning and communication and employing a combination of human and nonhuman resources to bring about more effective instruction. 它指出教學(xué)技術(shù)是一種根據(jù)具體目標(biāo)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和評(píng)價(jià)整個(gè)教學(xué)過(guò)程的系統(tǒng)方法。它以對(duì)人的學(xué)習(xí)與傳播的研究為基礎(chǔ), 綜合運(yùn)用人力與非人力資源, 以達(dá)到更有效地教學(xué)的目的。,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,carry out (1).To pu

5、t into practice or effect:實(shí)行，運(yùn)作： carry out a new policy.實(shí)行一項(xiàng)新政策 (2).To follow or obey:遵循或遵守： carry out instructions.遵循教誨 (3).To bring to a conclusion; accomplish:得出結(jié)論；完成： carried out the mission successfully.成功地完成使命,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 3、Educational technolog

6、y is a field involved in the facilitation of human learning through the systematic identification, development, organization and utilization of a full range of learning resources and through the management of these processes. 教育技術(shù)是這樣一個(gè)領(lǐng)域, 它通過(guò)對(duì)所有學(xué)習(xí)資源的系統(tǒng)化鑒別、開(kāi)發(fā)、組織和利用以及通過(guò)對(duì)這些過(guò)程的管理, 來(lái)促進(jìn)人類的學(xué)習(xí).,首師大方海光 ,Sect

7、ion A The Early Definitions, Facilitate vt.使容易；使便利 It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.要是你再合作些，事情就會(huì)變得更容易。 Identification n.辨認(rèn), 鑒定, 證明, 視為同一 the identification of high yielding seeds.高產(chǎn)量種子的鑒別,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 4、Educational technology i

8、s a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning. 教育技術(shù)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、整合的過(guò)程, 這個(gè)過(guò)程涉及人員、程序、思想、設(shè)備和組織, 其目的在于分析遍及人類學(xué)習(xí)所有方面的問(wèn)題

9、和設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施、評(píng)價(jià)與管理對(duì)那些問(wèn)題的解決方法。,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,Devise vt.設(shè)計(jì) Devise is the process by which you create something. Usually in the colloquial sense, we talk about device to mean making something very secretive. Colloquial adj. 口語(yǔ)的, 通俗的,首師大方海光 ,Unit 1 Section B,The AECTs Definitions in

10、1994 Read it (8m) Any new words and phrases?,首師大方海光 ,Section B The AECTs Definitions in 1994,Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development , utilization , management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning ( Seels and Richey.1994,p.1),首師大方海光 ,Section B The

11、 AECTs Definitions in 1994,Figure 1.2.1 The Domains of Instructional Technology (Page 5),首師大方海光 ,Unit 1 Section C,Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005 Read it as quickly as possible (10m) Any new words and phrases? Ask someone to read and translate each paragraph.,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assump

12、tions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,AECT05 definition Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating , using , and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. (Molenda and Robinson.2004). Ethical 倫理的；道德的；合

13、乎道德的 eg： I oughtnt to do that, its not ethical.,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005, First, it is a general definition, one that should be understandable to non-specialists, as opposed to a scientific definition, one that attempts to describe some phenomenon in technica

14、lly precise terms. 首先，它是一個(gè)一般性定義，是一個(gè)能為非專業(yè)人士所理解的定義，它不同于試圖用學(xué)術(shù)的專門(mén)的精確術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)描述一些現(xiàn)象科學(xué)定義,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005, Further, it is primarily a stipulatory definiton , stipulating or prescribing the elements of the concept and its boundaries in ideal terms rather than cla

15、iming to be based on observations of what a particular group of people actually do in practice. “ 不僅如此，它主要是一個(gè)規(guī)定性定義，是用理想的術(shù)語(yǔ)，而不是根據(jù)對(duì)一特定組群的人在實(shí)踐中的實(shí)際工作的觀察，來(lái)規(guī)定或描述概念的內(nèi)涵（要素）及其外延。 Stipulate v. 規(guī)定, 保證,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005, Secondly, like any useful definition, this

16、one intends to be clear, precise, and unambiguous, and to draw boundaries indicating what is included, what is excluded, what is central, and what is peripheral. 其次，與任何有用的定義一樣，這個(gè)定義試圖是清晰的、準(zhǔn)確的、和明確的，試圖劃出一個(gè)界限，說(shuō)明教育技術(shù)包括什么，不包括什么，什么是重要的，什么是不重要的。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2

17、005, Thirdly, one of the major departures from the past AECT definitional efforts is to refer explicitly to core values implied in educational technology. While technology might be viewed by some as a value neutral force, its application to educational purposes entails concerns, both for the learner

18、s and educational system. 第三，與過(guò)去AECT定義的努力一個(gè)主要不同就是，清楚地指出隱含在教育技術(shù)中的核心價(jià)值。當(dāng)技術(shù)被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)價(jià)值中性的力量時(shí)，它被運(yùn)用于教育目的必須同時(shí)考慮學(xué)習(xí)者和教育系統(tǒng)。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,That is, there is no point in approaching education “technologically” unless one is attempting to improve the quality of t

19、he learners experience and to do it in a way that also makes sense for the organization. 也就是說(shuō)，除非人們?cè)噲D提高學(xué)習(xí)效果，同時(shí)以一種也對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)有意義的方式運(yùn)用技術(shù)，不然在教育中使用技術(shù)就沒(méi)有多大意義。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005, Fourthly, the definition is meant to be connected with AECTs most recent prior definiti

20、on: ”Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning”. 第四，這個(gè)定義旨在與AECT最近的那個(gè)定義相聯(lián)系，那個(gè)定義是，“教學(xué)技術(shù)是指為了促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)，對(duì)有關(guān)的過(guò)程和資源進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、開(kāi)發(fā)、利用、管理和評(píng)價(jià)的理論與實(shí)踐”（Seels and Richey,1994）。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind

21、 the AECTs Definition in 2005,It incorporates all the major elements of that definition, albeit with somewhat different vocabulary, different emphases, and some additional elements. The current definition is viewed as an improvement and updating of the 1994 definition, not a fundamental reconceptual

22、ization. It intends to be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. 雖然使用了多少有些不同的詞匯，關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)也不同，還添加了一些要素，但這個(gè)新定義結(jié)合了原來(lái)定義的所有主要要素。當(dāng)前的定義被視為是1994定義的一個(gè)改進(jìn)和更新，而不是根本性地重新定義。這是改進(jìn)而不是革命。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005, Fifthly, the new definition is sensitive to the standards for the

23、accreditation of university programs preparing teachers and specialists in the educational technology field. The ECIT standards approved in 2000 require that such programs be grounded in the knowledge base of the field. 第五，這個(gè)新定義對(duì)為教育技術(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域培養(yǎng)教師和專家的大學(xué)計(jì)劃的認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是敏感的。在2000年通過(guò)的教育傳播和教學(xué)技術(shù)（ECIT）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求此類計(jì)劃必須扎根于這個(gè)領(lǐng)域

24、的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)中。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,The knowledge base is considered to be categorized into the “domains” of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation. These “domains” are taken from the 1994 AECT definition, so it is reasonable to expect that

25、future standards may be affected by this new definition. Hence, maintaining some parallelism between the old definition and the new one was deemed to be helpful to future standards writers 知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)被分成了設(shè)計(jì)、開(kāi)發(fā)、利用、管理和評(píng)價(jià)等范疇。這些范疇取自AECT1994定義，所以，理所當(dāng)然地，我們期待這個(gè)定義能夠影響未來(lái)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，保持新、舊定義之間的某種平行將會(huì)對(duì)未來(lái)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定有所幫助。,首師大方海光 ,

26、Unit 1 Section C,How many assumptions was disscused ? It is a general definition. It intended to be a clear one. Explain the core values Connected with the definition in 1994 Be sensitive to standards,首師大方海光 ,Professional Vocabulary,Artificial intelligence Audiovisual communication Electronic Perfor

27、mance Support System(EPSS) Instructional technology Intelligent agent Media-oriented,首師大方海光 ,Professional Vocabulary,Performance technology Process-oriented Situated cognition Systematic Utilization Virtual reality,首師大方海光 ,Professional Vocabulary,Performance technology Process-oriented Situated cogn

28、ition Systematic Utilization Virtual reality,首師大方海光 ,New Words,Pedagogical adj. 教育學(xué)的, 教學(xué)法的 Cognitive adj. 認(rèn)知的, 認(rèn)識(shí)的, 有感知的 Demonstrate vt. 示范, 證明, 論證 Physical therapist n. 物理治療家 Paradigm n. 范例 Encompass v. 包圍，環(huán)繞,首師大方海光 ,中文補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容,美國(guó)教育技術(shù)定義的演變及特點(diǎn) AECT1963年定義 “視聽(tīng)傳播是教育理論與實(shí)踐的一個(gè)分支，它主要研究對(duì)控制學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的信息進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和使用。” 視聽(tīng)傳播

29、是教育理論和實(shí)踐的一個(gè)分支 視聽(tīng)傳播以控制學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的信息為主要研究對(duì)象 視聽(tīng)傳播以對(duì)控制學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的信息進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和使用為主要研究?jī)?nèi)容 有明確的目標(biāo),首師大方海光 ,中文補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容,教學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)1970年定義 “教學(xué)技術(shù)是一種根據(jù)特定目標(biāo)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施與評(píng)價(jià)整個(gè)教與學(xué)的過(guò)程的系統(tǒng)方法。它以對(duì)人的學(xué)習(xí)和傳播的研究為基礎(chǔ)，綜合運(yùn)用人力、物力資源，以達(dá)到更有效的教學(xué)目的?！?教學(xué)技術(shù)有明確的目的 教學(xué)技術(shù)以對(duì)人的學(xué)習(xí)和傳播的研究為基礎(chǔ) 教學(xué)技術(shù)以整個(gè)教與學(xué)的過(guò)程為研究對(duì)象 教學(xué)技術(shù)以對(duì)教與學(xué)的過(guò)程的設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和評(píng)價(jià)為研究?jī)?nèi)容 教學(xué)技術(shù)是為達(dá)到更有效的教學(xué)目的,首師大方海光 ,中文補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容,西爾伯（Silber）在1970年的定義 “教學(xué)技術(shù)是用系統(tǒng)的方式對(duì)教學(xué)系統(tǒng)組成部分（包括訊息、人員、材料、設(shè)備、技術(shù)和環(huán)境）的開(kāi)發(fā)(包括研究、設(shè)計(jì)、制作、支持-供給和利用)以及對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)的管理（包括組織和人員）。其目的是解決教育的問(wèn)題。 教學(xué)技術(shù)的研究對(duì)象是教學(xué)系統(tǒng)組成部分 教學(xué)技術(shù)的研究?jī)?nèi)容是對(duì)教學(xué)組成部分的開(kāi)發(fā)和對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)的管理 教學(xué)技術(shù)有明確的目的,首師大方海光 ,中文補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容,麥肯齊（Mac Kenzie）和厄勞特（Eraut）在1971年的定義