1、Modernism hence a sense of life being fragmented and chaotic. Without faith, man no longer felt secure and happy; hence the feeling of gloom and despair.,Disillusionment,What is an image?,T. E. Hulme: The image must enable one “to dwell and linger upon a point of excitement, to achieve the impossibl

2、e and convert a point into a line”. Ezra Pound: An image is “that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time”.(情感和理智瞬間的融合） Richard Aldington: The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poets mind at the time

3、of writing.,Imagism (1908-1917),The Imagist Movement began in London and later spread to the US. It underwent three major phases in its development: 19081911An Englishman, T. E. Hulme, founded a Poets Club in 1908, which poets met every Wednesday evening to discuss poetry. He believed that the most

4、effective means to express the momentary impressions is through “the use of one dominant image”.,19121914Ezra Pound took over the movement. In 1912, they published a collection of poems, entitled Des Imagistes, in which a manifesto came into being. a. Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subject

5、ive or objective; b. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation; c. As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phase, not in the sequence of a metronome(節(jié)拍器). 19141917Amy Lowell took over the movement and developed it into “Amygism”. In 1915, 1916, 191

6、7, three volumes of Some Imagist Poets came out. After 1917, Imagism ceased to be a movement.,Literary Sources of Imagism The Imagist Movement drew from a variety of poetic traditionsGreek, Japanese and Chinese poetry. The ideographic (表意的)and pictographic（表形的) nature of Chinese language, which char

7、acterize ancient Chinese poetry fascinated the Imagists. Evaluation However, a dominant image is incapable of sustaining a longer poetic effort. Thus no great poetry came out. Nevertheless, it was a rebellion against the tradition and offered a new way of writing.,A Typical Chinese Imagist Poem,Autu

8、mn Evening crows perch on old trees wreathed with withered vine, Water of a stream flows by a family cottage near a tiny bridge. A lean horse walks on an ancient road in western breeze, The sun is setting in the west, The heart-broken one is at the end of the Earth. 天凈沙秋思 馬致遠(yuǎn) 枯藤、老樹、昏鴉，小橋、流水、人家， 古道、西

9、風(fēng)、瘦馬，夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。,Representatives of Imagism,T. E. Hulme: “Autumn” F. S. Flint: “The Swan” Hilda Doolittle: “Oread” Amy Lowell: “Wind and Silver” William Carlos Williams: “The Red Wheelbarrow” Ezra Pound: “In a Station of the Metro”,Ezra Pound (1885-1972),Born in 1885 and raised in Pennsylvania, Ezr

10、a Pound spent most of his life in Europe and became one of the 20th centurys most influential and controversial poets in the English language. Pound was undoubtedly a genius. Before he graduated from university, he had mastered 9 languages as well as English grammar and literature.,Ezra Pound,Enamor

11、ed with Benito Mussolini, Pound made anti-American radio broadcasts during World War II. He was arrested as a traitor in 1945 and initially confined in Pisa. He was then sent to the U.S., where he was deemed mentally unfit to stand trial for treason. Pound was confined for 12 years in a hospital (ac

12、tually prison) for the criminally insane in Washington. During this time he translated works of ancient Greek and ancient Chinese literature. While in prison, he was awarded a prestigious poetry prize in 1949 for his last Cantos（詩章）.,Pounds Major Works,Pound wrote70 books and over 1500 articles in h

13、is life. His major work of poetry is The Cantos, a long poem which he wrote in sections between 1915 and 1945. a. In this poem, he traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the destruction caused by greed and materialism. b. He deplores the corruption of America after the heroic time

14、of Jefferson. c. The last part, produced from his own suffering, is the most moving.,In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.,How did this poem come about?,“Three years ago in Paris I got out of a ”metro“ train at La Concorde, and saw sudden

15、ly a beautiful face, and then another and another, and then a beautiful childs face, and then another beautiful woman.A year later I made the following haiku（俳句） by Ezra Pound,The apparition of these faces in the crowd;,Petals on a wet, black bough.,在地鐵站中的創(chuàng)作來源,三年前在巴黎，我在協(xié)約車站走出了地鐵車廂。突然間，我看到了一個(gè)美麗的面孔，然后

16、又看到了一個(gè)，然后是一個(gè)美麗兒童的面孔，然后又是一個(gè)美麗的女人，那一天我努力尋找能表達(dá)我的感受的文字，我找不到我認(rèn)為能與之相稱的，或者像那種突發(fā)情感那樣可愛的文字。那天晚上，我還在努力尋找的時(shí)候，忽然找到了表達(dá)方式，并不是說我找到了一些文字，而是出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)方程式。不是用語言，而是用許多顏色的小斑點(diǎn)。這種“一個(gè)意象的詩”，是一個(gè)疊加形式，即一個(gè)概念疊在另一個(gè)概念之上。我發(fā)現(xiàn)這對(duì)我擺脫那次在地鐵的情感所造成的困境很有用。我寫了一首30行的詩，然后銷毀了，一個(gè)月后，我又寫了比那首短一半的詩，一年后我寫了這首日本俳句式的詩句。 （黃晉凱 譯）,Study Objects,What subjects d

17、oes the poet intend to present? What are the imagined objects? In what ways do the subjects in reality resemble the imagined objects ? What are the metaphors? What other figures of speech does the poet employ? What are the skills employed by the poet? What are the themes exemplified in the poem?,The

18、 apparition of these faces in the crowd.,Apparition,1. A ghostly figure; a specter. 幽靈；幻影 2. A sudden or unusual sight. 突然景象，特異景象 3. The act of appearing; appearance. 出現(xiàn)，顯形：出現(xiàn)的行為；露面,Faces in the crowd appear suddenly like the ghostly phantom（幻影）,I. What subjects does the poet intend to present?,Face

19、s of women and children (suddenly, beautiful) 2. The crowd in the metro station,II. What are the central images presented in the poem?,Petals on a wet, black bough,III. How are the subjects in reality related to the images in the poem?,The subjects that the poet intends to present are related to the

20、 images in the poem in five aspects: Shapes Colors Feelings Movements Contrasts between each subject/image,A wet, black bough,Shape: long, thick Color: black, dark Feeling: wet, cold Movement: still, dull（呆滯的）,Crowd in the long, dark, wet metro station,Petals,shape: round, oval or pointed color: bri

21、ght (pink, white, yellow, etc) feeling: warm movement: flickering (搖曳，忽隱忽現(xiàn)) in the breeze （daffodils “fluttering and dancing in the breeze）,Lovely faces of women and children flashing in the dark and wet metro station,apparition,III. What are the effects of such connections? Transcend time limits: f

22、rom present faces to imagined petals Transcend space limits: from a metro station to a bough (from reality to an imaginative world) 2. Vagueness between subjects being described and images in the poem broadens the imagination 3. Contrast and feeling are reinforced,Figures of Speech and Skills,Metaph

23、or: the metro station and bough; faces and petals Alliteration: black bough Synecdoche: faces Skil: superposition (意象的疊加 ） vertical縱向的 and juxtaposition (意象的并置 ） horizontal 橫向的 疊加的藝術(shù)手法不是龐德的發(fā)明，而是深受中國的古典詩歌的影響。 白居易的“玉容寂寞淚闌干，梨花一枝春帶雨” （形式、內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)手法極為相似） 馬戴的“落葉他鄉(xiāng)村，寒燈獨(dú)夜人” 辛棄疾的“照影溪梅，悵絕代佳人獨(dú)立”,Themes,a. the the

24、me is the poets sudden pleasure of finding the beautiful things among the crowd. Its about the appraisal of beatuy. b.its also about the momentary of beauty more topics: mans existence and mans alienation the threat of death the threat of war,Translation,地鐵車站 人群中這些面龐的閃現(xiàn)； 濕漉的黑樹干上的花瓣。（趙毅衡） 在地鐵車站 這幾張臉在

25、人群中幻景般閃現(xiàn)； 濕漉漉的黑樹枝上花瓣數(shù)點(diǎn)。（飛白）,人群里這些臉忽然閃現(xiàn)； 花叢在一條濕黑的樹枝。（流沙河） 人群中，這些面孔的魅影； 潮濕的黑樹枝上的花瓣。（余光中） 地鐵站上 這些面龐從人群中涌現(xiàn) 濕漉漉的黑樹干上花瓣朵朵（鄭敏）,李白：長(zhǎng)干行,妾發(fā)初覆額，折花門前居。郎騎竹馬來，繞床弄青梅。同居長(zhǎng)干里，兩小無嫌猜。十四為君婦，羞顏未嘗開。低頭向暗壁，千喚不一回。十五始展眉，愿同塵與灰。常存抱柱信，豈上望夫臺(tái)！十六君遠(yuǎn)行，瞿塘滟預(yù)堆。五月不可觸，猿鳴天上哀。門前遲行跡，一一生綠苔。苔深不能掃，落葉秋風(fēng)早。八月蝴蝶來，雙飛西園草。感此傷妾心，坐愁紅顏老。早晚下三巴，預(yù)將書報(bào)家。相迎不道遠(yuǎn)

26、，直至長(zhǎng)風(fēng)沙。,William Carlos Williams,No ideas but in things,The Poets Ideas,Williamss ideas were basically humanistic: respect yourself and others, love those you can, and try to make the world a better place. He tried to live up to these ideals through both his writing and his medical practice.,The Poet

27、s Ideas,In shaping his idea of what this new poetry should be, Williams emphasized four qualities. The first was the use of commonplace subjects and themes. The second was the use of everyday speech language.,The Poets Ideas,The third attribute for the new poetry was specificity. Fighting against wh

28、at he called aboutness, Williams coined the phrase No ideas but in things. (the fourth principle). This meant that his poetry made its point by focusing attention on concrete reality.,Major Poems,The Red Wheelbarrow 1926 This is Just to Say 1927 Spring and All The Great Figure,The Red Wheelbarrow,so

29、 much dependsupon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens.,Backgrounds,While caring for a sick child at the childs home, Williams wrote The Red Wheelbarrow in less than five minutes while observing a scene out of the window. “The Red Wheelbarrow” is Williams best imagisti

30、c poem, in which the poet tried to convey a simple experience through sheer simplicity of statement. The poem only contains sixteen simple words in eight lines. Actually its just one sentence “ so much depends on a red wheelbarrow glazed with rainwater beside the white chickens.” Yet it appeals to t

31、he imagination and forces the reader to visualize and derive an aesthetic pleasure from reading it.,Discussion Questions,So much depends on what? （a wheelbarrow, whitechickens, rainwater) Why are “wheelbarrow” and “rainwater” cut into “wheel barrow” and “rain water”? What is the function of the last

32、 two lines?,Suggested Answers to Question 1,So much depends upon a red wheelbarrow. This is the words in the poem say. (A wheelbarrow is used for a number of important farm chores- moving the tools from the barn to the house and back, transporting feed to the cows and chickens, carrying seeds for pl

33、anting. Without the wheelbarrow. many farming work cannot be finished.) But when you have a second look at the poem, you may notice the fact that the poem is composed of one sentence broken up at various intervals, and then you may say “so much depends upon” each line of the poem.,Suggested Answers to Question 2,the word”wheelbarow” is separated between the word”wheel” and “barrow”. This has the effect of breaking the image do