1、Toefl iBT Practice Test TPO 9 Reading Section 1No. of Questions: 14Time: 20 minutesBegin Test9If you cannot see the timer or if you cannot set the timer, youll need to install flash player. Click here to download and install adobe flash player.Set the timer to “20:00” before doing the test.Colonizin

2、g America via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory ab

3、out this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice- free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets the Laurentide to the east and the Cordil

4、leran to the west that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued

5、 that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northw

6、est coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Am

7、ericas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continen

8、t that extends into the ocean.This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has b

9、een9Question 1 of 14According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americas by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question bypaleoecologist Glen MacDonalds argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believedthe demonst

10、ration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrectevidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believedresearch showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumedParagraph 1 is marked with Colon

11、izing America via the Northwest Coast It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theo

12、ry about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice- free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets the Laurentide to the east and the C

13、ordilleran to the west that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively a

14、rgued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the N

15、orthwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into t

16、he Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the con

17、tinent that extends into the ocean.This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route

18、has been9Question 2 of 14The word 【persuasively】 in the passage is closest in meaning toaggressively inflexibly convincinglycarefullyColonizing America via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a lan

19、d bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice- free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America sout

20、h of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated

21、that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He 【 persuasively 】 argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative th

22、eory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to th

23、e melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that

24、 the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean.This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along

25、 the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been9Question 3 of 14Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on todiscuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejectedpresent the

26、evidence on which the theory was basedcite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrectexplain why the theory was not initially considered plausibleParagraph 2 is marked with Colonizing America via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration o

27、f peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice- free corridor stretching from e

28、astern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumbl

29、e when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final ret

30、reat. Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to e

31、nter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was c

32、overed by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula

33、, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been9Question 4 of 14The phrase 【prior to】 is closest in meaning tobefore immediately after duringin spite

34、ofColonizing America via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craf

35、t theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice- free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets the Laurentide to the east and

36、 the Cordilleran to the west that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasi

37、vely argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along

38、 the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas 【 prior to 】 the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration ro

39、ute into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part

40、of the continent that extends into the ocean.This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migrat

41、ion route has been9Question 5 of 14Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?They could not have sailed directly from Benngia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacia

42、l ice covered the entire coastal region.They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milderThey would have had no interest in migrating southward from Benngia until after the continental glaciers had begun to melt.They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed for

43、long-distance trips.Paragraph 2 is marked with Colonizing America via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska)

44、during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice- free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two mass

45、ive ice sheets the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an

46、ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia alo

47、ng the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not

48、consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the co

49、ntinental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most

50、influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been9Question 6 of 14Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the 【highlighted sentence】 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Because this reg

51、ion has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.Fladmarks hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west

52、 coast of the Americas lends strength to Fladmarks hypothesis.According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas.Colonizing America via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples

53、 from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice- free corridor stretching from eastern Be

54、ringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when pa

55、leoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Supp

56、ort is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter south

57、ern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by

58、glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean.This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through t

59、he Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been9Question 7 of 14The authors purpose in paragraph 4 is toindicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide