1、4. 形容詞和副詞 4.1 形容詞及其用法 形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質或特征。通常， 可將形容詞分成性質形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。1)直接說明事物的性質或特征的形容詞是性質形容詞，它有級的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如：hot 熱的。2)敘述形容詞只能作表語，所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid 害怕的。（錯）He is an ill man.（對）The man is ill.（錯）She is an afraid girl.（對）The gir

2、l is afraid. 這類詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3）形容詞作定語修飾名詞時，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時，要放在這些詞之后，例如： something nice4.2 以-ly結尾的形容詞 1） 大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。改錯：(錯） She sang lovely. （錯） He spoke to me

3、very friendly. （對） Her singing was lovely. （對） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.4.3 用形容詞表示類別和整體 1） 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動詞的復數(shù)連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the

4、 hungry The poor are losing hope.2） 有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體，與動詞的復數(shù)連用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序 多個形容詞修飾名詞時，其順序為： 限定詞-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色) -出處-材料性質，類別-名詞 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shi

5、rt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car典型例題:1） Tony is going camping with _ boys. A.little two otherB. two little otherC.two other little D.little other two 答案：C。由限定詞-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色) -性質-名詞的公式可知數(shù)詞，描繪詞，性質依次順序，只有C符合答案。2)One day they crossed the _bridge behind the pal

6、ace.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stoneC. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來源+質地+用途+國家+名詞。3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last s

7、unny few D. few sunny last答案：B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關系密切的形容詞靠近名詞；如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多，音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，音節(jié)多的方在后，在不能確定時，可參照下表：限定詞+數(shù)量詞（序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后）+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+those + three + beautiful + large + square新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞old + brown + wood + table4.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級 大多數(shù)形容詞（性質形容詞）和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化，即原級、比較級和最高級，用來表示事物的等級差

8、別。原級即形容詞的原形，比較級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。1) 規(guī)則變化 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來構成比較級和最高級。構成法原級比較級最高級一般單音節(jié)詞tall(高的) tallertallest未尾加-er,-estgreat(巨大的)greater greatest 以不發(fā)音的e結尾nice(好的) nicernicest的單音詞和少數(shù) large(大的)larger largest以- le結尾的雙able（有能力的) ablerablest音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st以一個輔音字母big(大的) bigger biggest結尾的閉音節(jié)單hot熱的)hotte

9、r hottest音節(jié)詞，雙寫結尾的輔音字母，再加-er，-est 以輔音字母+yeasy(容易的)easier easiest結尾的雙音節(jié)詞，busy(忙的)busier busiest改y為i，再加 -er，-est 少數(shù)以-er，-owclever(聰明的)cleverer cleverest結尾的雙音節(jié)詞narrow(窄的)narrower narrowest未尾加-er，-est 其他雙音節(jié)詞和important(重要的)多音節(jié)詞，在前more important面加more，most most important來構成比較級和easily(容易地) 最高級。more easilym

10、ost easily 2) 不規(guī)則變化 原級 比較級最高級 good(好的)/betterbestwell(健康的) bad (壞的)/ worse worstill(有病的)old (老的)older/elderoldest/eldest much/many(多的) more mostlittle(少的)lessleastfar (遠的) farther/further farthest/furthest 4.8 as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as 1）在否定句或疑問句中可用so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2）當as as 中間有名詞時采用以下格

11、式。 as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞 as + many/much +名詞 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.3）用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時，放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine.4) 倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as 倍數(shù)+ then + ofThis bridge is three times as long as that

12、 one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.Your room is twice the size of mine.4.9 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than You are taller than I. They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.注意： 1）要避免重復使用比較級。 (錯) He is more cleverer than his brother. (對) He is mor

13、e clever than his brother. (對) He is clever than his brother.2）要避免將主語含在比較對象中。 (錯) China is larger that any country in Asia. (對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3）要注意對應句型，遵循前后一致的原則。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry i

14、t out.4）要注意冠詞的使用，后有名詞的時候，前面才有可能有名詞。 比較：Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.4.10 可修飾比較級的詞 1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, sti

15、ll, even等2）還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。3）以上詞(除by far)外，必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。典型例題: 1）- Are you feeling _? - Yes，Im fine now.A. any wellB. any betterC. quite good D. quite better答案：B. any 可修飾比較級，quite修飾原級，well的比較級為better. 2）The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A.more B.much more C.much D.more much答案：C

16、.much可修飾比較級，因此B，C都說得通，但easier本身已是比較級，不需more，因此C為正確答案。3）If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school.A. the happiest timeB. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D.a much happier time答案：D。4.11 many,old 和 far 1) 如果后接名詞時， much more +不可數(shù)名詞many more +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)2) old 有兩種比較級和最高級形式: older/oldes

17、t 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關系。My elder brother is an engineer.Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.3) far 有兩種比較級，farther，further. 在英語中兩者都可指距離。 在美語中，father 表示距離，further表示進一步。I have nothing further to say.4.12 the + 最高級 + 比較范圍 1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容詞最高級前通常

18、必須用定冠詞 the，副詞最高級前可不用。 形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示非常。It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem.注意： 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。 (錯)Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (對)Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2) 下列詞可修飾最高級，by far, far, much, mostly, almostThis hat is nearly / al

19、most the biggest.注意：a. very可修飾最高級，但位置與much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best.b. 序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級。 Africa is the second largest continent.3) 句型轉換： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4) 否定詞語+比較級，否定詞語+ so as結構表示最高級含義。 Nothin

20、g is so easy as this.=Nothing is easier than this.=This is the easiest thing.4.13 和more有關的詞組 1) the more the more越就越 The harder you work，the greater progress youll make.2) more B than A與其說A不如說B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more tha

21、n 與一樣，不比多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than與一樣He is no less diligent than you.4) more than不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.典型例題1）The weather in China is different from_.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案：D. 本題意為中國的天氣比美國熱。比較的是天氣而不是國家，C不能選。A沒有名詞，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用來代替可數(shù)名詞，而that可車以代替不可數(shù)或抽象名詞，所以選D。2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice manyB. as many twiceC. twice as manyD. twice many as