1、動(dòng)詞一.動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語二 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)三 動(dòng)詞語態(tài)四 非謂語動(dòng)詞 1 動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語（一）動(dòng)詞分類動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞，按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動(dòng)詞，連系動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 1行為動(dòng)詞 行為動(dòng)詞又稱實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，可分為及物動(dòng)詞 (vt)和不及物動(dòng)詞(vi)，及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，有完整的詞義，能單獨(dú)作謂語，后跟賓語；不及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，有完整的詞義，能單獨(dú)作謂語，但后面不能直接跟賓語，如要帶賓語則與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成短語。 如： More and more people study English.(vt) The students are listening to the t

2、eacher carefully.(vi) *常見的可帶雙賓的動(dòng)詞：“七給”（give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand）“一帶”（bring），當(dāng)直接賓語前置時(shí)，必須在后面加to。如：My father gives me a book. = My father gives a book to me.*buy, draw, make 三個(gè)動(dòng)詞接雙賓時(shí)，如前所說，后面加for。如：My parents bought me a nice backpack. =My parents bought a nice backpack for me. *不及物動(dòng)詞指不

3、能直接接賓語的動(dòng)詞。自身意思完整，無需接賓語。大多數(shù)即可為及物也可不及物。Boys fly kites. Birds can fly.*除此之外，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞還有延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性之分。1）延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)，可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：live，stay, study, work, keep, teach, sleep, stand, walk, wait, read, watch等。You can keep this book for two weeks.2) 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示瞬間動(dòng)作，表示一經(jīng)發(fā)生立即結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。如：open, close, buy, lend, borrow,

4、 die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come, catch等。如：I was a bit nervous before I arrived here. 2連系動(dòng)詞 連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，必須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語, 說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征和身份。1）表狀態(tài)的系動(dòng)詞：be, stay, keep, remain, stand（處于某種狀態(tài)），如：He always keeps silent at meeting. 2) 表感官、表象：look, feel, seem, sound, taste, smell,appear

5、(顯得，看來)， 如：It feels soft. 3) 表轉(zhuǎn)變和結(jié)果的系動(dòng)詞： get, turn, become, grow，fall, go. 如：4) Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. 3助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞本身無詞義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞，表示否定，疑問及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)等語法特征，助動(dòng)詞有 be, do/does/did, have/has/had, shall, will等。 如： How do you usually come to school? The children are pla

6、ying yo-yo now. 4情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~原形一起構(gòu)成謂語，表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。初中常見情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等；另外，shall(愿意)，will（愿意） should（應(yīng)該） would（請(qǐng)求，愿意） 在一定場(chǎng)合也可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 如： *各情態(tài)動(dòng)詞講解1） can(could) a. 表示能力，could表示過去的能力; I can speak English, but I cant speak Chinese

7、. b. 表示可能（理論上或是邏輯判斷上）；He isnt at home. He can go to the library. c. 表示允許；Can I have a look at your new computer?d. 表驚訝、懷疑。不相信等態(tài)度，主要用于否定句和疑問句活感嘆句; How can you be so careless?2） May(might) a.表示允許。Might可用于過去的時(shí)間，也可指現(xiàn)在，但語氣較may更加委婉 b.表示可能（事實(shí)上）。Might可用于過去的時(shí)間，也可指現(xiàn)在，但語氣較may更加不確定。3） MustA.表示義務(wù)，“必須”（主觀意志）b.表揣測(cè)

8、，“一定”、“準(zhǔn)時(shí)，必定”，只用于肯定句。Mustnt 意為“禁止”，回答need 或者may 提問的句子，表達(dá)否定意義。4） Willa. 表意愿，用于各種人稱； I will do anything for you.b. 表請(qǐng)求，用于疑問句; Will you close window? Its a bit cold.c. 表示某種傾向和習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作; Fish will die out of water.5） Woulda. 表意愿；I said I would do anything for you.b. 表委婉的提出請(qǐng)求建議或看法；would you like some drinks?

9、 c. 表過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者一種傾向; Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.6） ShouldA.表義務(wù)，“應(yīng)該”，用于各種人稱；b.表推測(cè)，“想必一定，照說應(yīng)該，估計(jì)”7） Ought toA.表義務(wù)，“應(yīng)該(因責(zé)任、義務(wù)等)”，口氣比should 稍重；b.表推測(cè)，暗含很大的可能，語氣較弱*詞義用法辨析1） can與be able to的用法有所區(qū)別。can只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)，指本身有能力的“能”；be able to用于各種時(shí)態(tài)均可，指須經(jīng)過努力而“能”。如： Mary can play the

10、 piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 2） must與have/has to的用法。must表示說話人主觀認(rèn)為“必須”，表主觀意志，只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來時(shí)；have/has to表示客觀需要，意為“不得不”，它可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。Must沒有過去式，除了在間接引語中可用于表示過去時(shí)間，在直接引語中應(yīng)用had to 代替。如：I told her that she must give up smoking.We had to get everything ready that night. I have to/must fi

11、nish homework. *4）need和dare既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可作行為動(dòng)詞。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定和疑問句。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用于各種句式。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：Need I come? Yes, you must come. You neednt telephone him now. She dare not go out alone at night. None of them dared mention this.用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：You dont need to do it yourself. We need to tell them the news. The table needs

12、 painting/to be painted. We should dare to give our own opinions. 5） shall 與should的用法，shall 常用于主語是第一人稱的疑問句中，表示請(qǐng)求。對(duì)shall I.做肯定回：Yes, please. 否定：No, thank you.Shall I turn on the light? Yes, please./No, thank you.對(duì)shall we .做答時(shí)，如果不包括對(duì)方，肯定用Yes, please. 包括對(duì)方，肯定：Yes, lets.Its getting late. Shall we go? Y

13、es, please. /Yes, lets go.*注意：a. May I .表示請(qǐng)求，否定要用mustnt/cant, 不能用may not. b. 對(duì)must的一般疑問句，肯定用must/have to, 否定用neednt或者do/does have to, 不能用mustnt. c.在need的一般疑問句，肯定回答must，否定回答neednt.（二）動(dòng)詞短語1.動(dòng)詞+介詞break into 破門而入 call for 呼吁 care for 喜歡、關(guān)心 care about 在乎 get over 度過、客服 2. 動(dòng)詞+副詞 clean up打掃趕緊 write down 寫下

14、 run out 用完3. 動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞 get along with 進(jìn)展 look down upon蔑視 look forward to 期盼4. 動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞make friends with交朋友 take pride in 以.感到自豪 pay attention to 注意5. 動(dòng)詞+名詞 lose heart 灰心 take place 發(fā)生 make a face 做鬼臉6. be+adj +介詞 be afraid of 害怕 be good at 擅長(zhǎng) be proud of以.為傲 *注意：在動(dòng)詞+副詞短語中，如果后面接名詞作賓語，可放在短語后面，也可放在中間，

15、若代詞作賓語，只能放在中間。如：write the new words down=write down the new words =write them down 二動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)在英語中，同樣一個(gè)動(dòng)作，由于發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一樣，所表示的形式就不一樣，這就叫時(shí)態(tài)。（1） 時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主語+v+其他主語(三單)+vs+其他一般過去時(shí)主語+v過去式+其他一般將來時(shí)主語+will/shall+v+其他主語+be going to +v+其他現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)Be(amisare) ving 構(gòu)成過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)was/were+v-ing現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)主語+have /has+v-過去分詞+其他過去完成時(shí)

16、態(tài)主語+hadv-過去分詞過去將來時(shí)態(tài)主語+would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to+v （2） 時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用及動(dòng)詞變化形式1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)l 定義表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，或存在的狀態(tài)，還表示主語具備的性格和能力及客觀真理。例：I get up at 6:30 in the morning . She is at home .l 構(gòu)成 主要用動(dòng)詞原形表示，當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，在動(dòng)詞詞尾加s/es。l 句型 1、肯定句：主語+謂語+其他。 She reads English everyday. 2、否定句：主語+dont/d

17、oesnt+謂語+其他。 He doesnt get up at 6:30 in the morning. 3、一般疑問句：Do/Does+主語+V原+其他？ Do you like English? Yes, I do. /No, I dont. 4、疑問句：特殊疑問詞+do/does+主語+V原+其他？ What time do you get up every morning? Where does your father work?l 用法 1、表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，或存在的狀態(tài)，帶與表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語如：often , sometimes , usually，always , e

18、veryday year，month） , once/twice a week (month, year, etc.), seldom, on Sundays等連用。 I leave home for school at seven every morning. 2、表示客觀真理，科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言警句。 The sun rises in the east .日出東方。 The earth goes around the sun .地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。 Ten minus two is eight.十減二等于八。 Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比聲音的速度快

19、。 The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美國(guó)位于太平洋西岸。 3、根據(jù)英文語法規(guī)定，當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般將來時(shí)，那么時(shí)間或條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Ill tell him the news when he comes back. 他回來時(shí)，我將告訴他這個(gè)消息。 If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.4、僅為了描述狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征、能力等等。這里的目的是為了描述現(xiàn)階段的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其重點(diǎn)不是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、

20、或進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)。例如：He can speak five foreign languages .他能說五種外語。That is a beautiful city .那是座美麗的城市。Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 長(zhǎng)江是世界上最長(zhǎng)的河流之一。 She majors in music .她主修音樂。 All my family love football .我全家人都喜歡足球。 My sister is always ready to help others. 我妹妹總是樂于助人。l 動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式變化規(guī)

21、則 1、一般情況下，動(dòng)詞后直接加-s;如：help-helps, clean-cleans, give-gives等。2、以s，x，ch，sh或o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，在詞尾加-es;如：dress-dresses, fix-fixes, watch-watches, finish-finishes等。3、以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，把y變?yōu)閕，再加-es;如：study-studies, fly-flies, carry-carries等。4、動(dòng)詞have遇在主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，have改為has，如：He has an interesting book .5、動(dòng)詞be遇有主語是第一人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，be改

22、為am，遇有主語是第二人稱時(shí)，be改為are，遇有主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，be改為is2.一般過去時(shí)（動(dòng)詞加ed）l 結(jié)構(gòu) 一般過去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示。基本結(jié)構(gòu)否定句一般疑問句Be動(dòng)詞was/ were+notwas或were提前，放于句首行為動(dòng)詞didnt+do（動(dòng)詞原形）Did+主語+do（動(dòng)詞原形）注：在一般過去時(shí)的句子中，謂語動(dòng)詞可分為兩類一類是be動(dòng)詞，其形式為was與第一、三人稱單數(shù)連用，were與第二人稱和復(fù)數(shù)人稱的主語連用。凡是由be動(dòng)詞做謂語的句子，變否定句時(shí)，直接在其后加not,即wasnt 或werent，變一般疑問句將was/ were放在句首，句末用問號(hào)。另一類謂語動(dòng)

23、詞是由行為動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng)，如stayedwentvisited等,這一類動(dòng)詞做謂語時(shí)，可與任何人稱連用，句子變否定時(shí)，要在主語后面，動(dòng)詞的前面加didnt，動(dòng)詞用原形；一般疑問句是把did提到句首，動(dòng)詞用原形。I was in Shanghai last year .I wasnt in Shanghai last year .Was you in Shanghai last year ?He went to the park yesterday . He didnt go to the park yesterday ? Did he go to the park yesterday ?l 句式

24、1、肯定句：主語+動(dòng)詞過去式+其他。 I was in Beijing yesterday . I went to the beach yesterday . 2、否定句：主語+wasnt 或werent+其他。 主語+didnt + V原+其他。 I wasnt in Beijing yesterday . I didnt go to the beach yesterday . 3、一般疑問句：was/ were+主語+V原+其他？ Did +主語+V原+其他？ Were you in Beijing yesterday ? Did you go to the beach yesterday

25、 ? 4、特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+ was/ were+主語+其他？特殊疑問詞+did+主語+V原+其他？ Where were you yesterday ? Where did you go yesterday ?l 用法 1、表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，常與明確的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：yesterday,last week(month , year),ago, the other day ,just now ,at the age of,in 1980等連用。如： At the age of ten, she began to learn to play the pia

26、no . 2、表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。 When I was a child, I often play the football in the street. 3、在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中，常用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)代替過去將來時(shí)。 He said he wouldnt go if it rained.4. 用于虛擬條件句中，表示與現(xiàn)在與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況。If I were you, I would take a small gift. (此處were 不能用was代替)l 動(dòng)詞過去式的規(guī)則變化1) 一般情況下, 在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加-ed ; 如look-looke

27、d2) 結(jié)尾是字母e 的動(dòng)詞加-d, 如 practice-practiced；3) 結(jié)尾是“輔音字母+y” 的動(dòng)詞, 變“y”為“i” 再加ed, 如study studied;4) 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾, 雙寫動(dòng)詞尾的輔音字母，再加ed, 如stop stopped。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表catch caught come camedo did draw drewdrink drank drive droveeat ate fall fellam is was are werebegin begun break brokebring brought build builtbuy bought can co

28、uldl 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式與過去分詞的構(gòu)成：（1）一般情況在動(dòng)詞后加ed：worked, helped, called, wanted, needed（2）以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加d：hoped, liked, agreed, changed（3）以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞先將y變?yōu)閕，再加ed：carried, studied（4）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音的動(dòng)詞，雙寫該輔音字母后再加ed：stopped，preferred（5）還有不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，要記熟（一般附在教科書后面）3現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（be(is/ am /are)+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成）l 結(jié)構(gòu) 由 Be(amisare) 動(dòng)詞ing 構(gòu)成。l 用法

29、1、表示說話時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為，或者包括說話時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用時(shí)間狀語及標(biāo)志詞：now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。 Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room . 2、表示一種漸進(jìn)的過程。My younger brother is becoming more and more interested in English . 3、與always , all the time , fo

30、rever等連用，表示說話人某種強(qiáng)烈的情感，如：贊許、批評(píng)；喜歡、厭惡等。例如：He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示贊許）他總是為他人著想，而不為自己。She is often doing well at school. （表示滿意）她在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)挺不錯(cuò)的。Are you feeling better today? （表示親切）你今天覺得好一些嗎？One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不滿）我的一個(gè)室友老是亂扔?xùn)|西。Some sellers are

31、 often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜歡） 有些推銷員老是敲我家的門, 向我們推銷他們的產(chǎn)品。4、表示移位的動(dòng)詞，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等，其現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表將來。 She is leaving for Beijing next weak.My friend is coming for dinner.l 句型 1、肯定句：主語+ be(amisare) 動(dòng)詞ing +其他。 I am studying now. 2、否定句：主語+ be +not+動(dòng)詞ing

32、 +其他。 I am not studying now . 3、一般疑問句：Be+主語+動(dòng)詞ing +其他？ Is she studying now? Yes, she is ./No, she isnt . 4、特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+ Be+主語+動(dòng)詞ing +其他？ What are you doing now? 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成：（1）一般情況，加ing：going, asking（2）以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去掉e再加ing：comecoming, write-writing（3）以y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞都直接加ing：studying, carrying, playing（4）以輔音字母結(jié)

33、尾的閉音節(jié)動(dòng)詞，雙寫其輔音字母后，再加ing：putputting, cutcutting, spitspitting（5）特例：diedying，tietying，lielying 4一般將來時(shí)（will+動(dòng)詞原形，(be going to)+動(dòng)詞原形）l 概念表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。There will be an English party next Saturday.We will come to see you tomorrow.l 結(jié)構(gòu)1、由will +動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，其will適用于各種人稱，與主語連在一起時(shí)，常?？s寫為ll。變否定句時(shí)，只需在will后加not，可縮寫為w

34、ont 。在疑問句中，will需提前，構(gòu)成will+主語+動(dòng)詞原形的結(jié)構(gòu)。 He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵達(dá)這里。2、shall+動(dòng)詞原形（常用于主語為第一人稱）I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天沒空。3、be going to+動(dòng)詞原形（打算、準(zhǔn)備做某事） He is going to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在倫敦度假。l 用法 1、表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語，如：tomorrow, next day（week，mo

35、nth，year）， this evening (weekend ), in the future , in a few minutes，the day after tomorrow ,by， soon 等連用。I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week.I hope you wont be late next time. 2、當(dāng)主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，在以after, when, while, as soon as ,if ,unless等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間或條件句中，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。Ill do it better if the teacher gives m

36、e another chance. 5.過去將來時(shí)（would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to+v）l 概念表示過去的某時(shí)以后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。但這個(gè)將來時(shí)間絕不會(huì)延伸到“現(xiàn)在”；而僅限于“過去時(shí)間區(qū)域內(nèi)”。由此可以看出，含這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的句子常帶一個(gè)表示“過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語。這個(gè)狀語或是一個(gè)短語，或是一個(gè)句子。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)常用于：A）賓語從句或間接引語中；B）表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；C）表示過去情況中的“愿望”、“傾向”，多用于否定句。例如：A) When I thought about it, I wondered what the

37、ir reaction would be . 當(dāng)我考慮這件事時(shí)，我想知道他們的反應(yīng)是什么。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告訴我，她第二天要去歐洲旅行。He didnt expect that we would all be there. 他沒料到我們會(huì)全在那兒。B) During that period, he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段時(shí)間，他每天早鍛煉。Whenever he had time, he would help his moth

38、er with some housework. 無論他什么時(shí)間有空,他總是幫他媽媽干點(diǎn)家務(wù)活。C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多難，他總會(huì)堅(jiān)持不懈地把它干完。They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他們知道我們絕不會(huì)允許發(fā)生這樣的事。Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在講座結(jié)束

39、之后，聽眾仍不肯離去。I knew you would agree. 我知道你會(huì)同意的。I said I would arrange everything. 我說我來安排一切。 6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)（was/were+v-ing）l 用法 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)作發(fā)生的特指時(shí)間常用一個(gè)短語或時(shí)間狀語從句來表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句等。 My family were watchi

40、ng TV at this time yesterday . *注意：（1）以when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，從句動(dòng)作，主句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 When he called me , I was having dinner . （2）以while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，從句與主句的動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)刻同時(shí)進(jìn)行，while常譯為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候，同時(shí)”。 Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV . 7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)*(have /has+v過去分詞)l 含義 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生或完成

41、的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系, 也就是說, 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在。e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含義是：現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了。)Jane has laid the table.(含義是：已可以吃飯了。) Michael has been ill.(含義是：現(xiàn)在仍然很虛弱。) He has returned from abroad. (含義是：現(xiàn)在已在此地)l 句型 1、肯定句：主語+have /has+動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他。 I have studied English for 5 years. 2、否定句：主語+have /has+not +

42、動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他。 We havent been there. 3、一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他？ Has he eaten that apple? 4、特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+ have /has +主語+動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他？l 用法 1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來表示發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻的、持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況,常與for, since連用。 e.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用, 如already, yet, just, be

43、fore, recently, lately等：e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship. I havent seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等：e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing?

44、I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, s

45、o far等。e.g. Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has bee too much rain this year. The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在之前就已完成的動(dòng)作, 雖然其效果

46、或影響仍然存在但已不再繼續(xù), 但是有一些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子，在后面加上for+一段時(shí)間，則現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作就表示延續(xù)性。e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (現(xiàn)在不再學(xué)俄語) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.) 6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來表示過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。e.g. We have had four texts this seme

47、ster. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的時(shí)間狀語：already通常用于肯定句中，意為“已經(jīng)”，位于行為動(dòng)詞之前, be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。有時(shí)可放在疑問句句尾，表示驚訝。例如： We have already cleaned the classroom. Have you finished it already？ yet用于疑問句中表示“已經(jīng)”；用于否定句中，表示“還(沒)”。例如： Has he found his watch yet？他還沒找到他的表嗎？ No, not yet. 是, 還沒有。ever意為“曾經(jīng)”，常用于疑問句或否定句中，位于助動(dòng)詞和過去分詞之間，表示從過去到目前為止的時(shí)間。例如： H

48、ave you ever been there？你曾經(jīng)去過那里嗎？ Nothing has ever happened here. 這里未曾發(fā)生過什么事。never意為“（曾經(jīng)）從未、沒有”, 是否定副詞，在句中位于助動(dòng)詞和過去分詞之間。ever與否定詞not連用相當(dāng)于never。例如： I havent ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我從未跟她講過話。just意為“剛剛”, 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 表示行為剛剛過去, 位于助動(dòng)詞與過去分詞之間。e.g. He has just come back from school.他剛從學(xué)

49、校回來。 just now意為“剛才”, 表示過去某時(shí), 用于一般過去時(shí), 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他剛才從學(xué)?；貋怼or 和since的用法及區(qū)別。for 與一段時(shí)間連用，since 與時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用。 *注意：since 后接過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語或過去時(shí)的句子。e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970. I havent seen her since she left Shanghai. I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I have neve

50、r seen her. have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的區(qū)別。 have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人還未回來 have/ has been to 曾經(jīng)去過, 人已經(jīng)回來了 have/ has been in 已經(jīng)在, 常與一段時(shí)間連用 e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去過上海。 She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。 Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青島了嗎？

51、但不能說 Have you gone to Qingdao? 8.過去完成時(shí)l 過去完成時(shí)的概念 過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間或某一事件之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，即過去的過去。圖示如下： -|- |-|- 過去完成 過去 現(xiàn)在將來l 構(gòu)成1、肯定句：主語+hadv分詞When we got there, the football match had already started.2、否定句：主語+had not+v分詞He hadnt worked for two years by then.3、疑問句：had+主語+v分詞？Had he finished the work by last m

52、onth?l 用法1、過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或者某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài); 句中常用by, before, until, when等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。e.g. By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom. 2、過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可以表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或者持續(xù)下去。例如：Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.3、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如： She s