定語從句 （一）一、語法知識歸納一、基本概念（一） 定語從句在復(fù)合句中作定語，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。（二） 先行詞被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。一般情況下，定語從句緊跟先行詞。但也有因各種原因定語從句與先行詞被分割的現(xiàn)象。（三）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。與先行詞關(guān)系密切，因此緊跟先行詞，并在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語和定語。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where和why。在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語。二、關(guān)系代詞的用法（一）基本用法根據(jù)先行詞的不同，和在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞植煌?，選用不同的關(guān)系代詞。如下表：關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語，賓語Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時(shí)，常可以省略，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定語I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主語，賓語A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主語，賓語The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主語，賓語He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略例如：（注意關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主語） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主語） The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作賓語） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作賓語） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定語）注意：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語時(shí)可以省略，充當(dāng)主語時(shí)則不能。（見上例）（二）關(guān)系代詞that代替which的一些情況which, that 在代替物時(shí)，一般可以通用。但在有些情況下，只用 that。1 先行詞是最高級形容詞或它的前面有最高級形容詞修飾時(shí)。例如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或它前面有一個(gè)序數(shù)詞時(shí)。例如： This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen. 先行詞是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代詞時(shí)。例如： You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行詞前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修飾時(shí)。例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The little money (that) he had was stolen.（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情況 先行詞是one, ones, anyone時(shí)。例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.先行詞是those時(shí)。例如： Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（四）其它情況 先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。例如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑問詞who 或which時(shí)。例如： Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?（五）與whose有關(guān)的問題 whose是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如： I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 當(dāng)whose表示物與物的所有格關(guān)系時(shí)，亦可用of which的形式。例如： The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介詞前提的問題關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞可以前提至關(guān)系代詞前。例如：Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介詞with的賓語）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要注意的是： 介詞前提后，先行詞是人或物，關(guān)系代詞分別只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。 介詞前提后，關(guān)系代詞不再能省略。 有些含有介詞的短語動詞中的介詞不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如： 錯(cuò)誤：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正確：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to? 錯(cuò)誤：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.正確：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.四、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句中的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如： Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意為“一切”，作單數(shù)。例中沒通過考試的學(xué)生事實(shí)上只有一人，因此謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：情況用法說明例句只用that的情況1 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時(shí)。2 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí)3 先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)4 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)5 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)6 句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)1. He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered have been given out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5. He is the only man that I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情況1 在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時(shí)多用who。1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.2. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.3. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.二、語法知識拓展（一）選擇適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子補(bǔ)充完整。1. Rice is a plant _ is grown in the south.2. Those _ want to go please sign their names here.3. All _ glitters is not gold.4. This is the only way leads to your success.5. Both the girl and her dog were crossing the street were hit by a coming car.6. This is the biggest building _we have ever built in our school.7. This is the second school _ I used to work at, and many students there still have contact with me.8. There is a mountain _ top is always covered with snow.9. You can take any seat _ is free.10. Could you tell me from _ you borrowed this book?（二）用定語從句合并下列句子1. The lady is a film star. You took a photo of the lady yesterday._2. Whats the address of the factory? We noticed the advertisement of the factory the other day._3. This is the stadium He often goes to the stadium on Sundays. _4. A professor is going to give us a speech this Friday afternoon. He has been working on environmental protection. _5. He hasnt got enough money. He can buy a laptop with the money. _（三）單項(xiàng)填空1. Who is the woman is sweeping the floor over there?A. who B. / C. that D. when 2. The doctor is leaving for Africa next month.A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 3. He talked about a hero no one had ever heard. A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who4. Have you read the book I lent to you? A. that B. whom C. when D. whose5. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently.A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom6. Recently I bought a second-hand car was very low.A. which price B. the price of whoseC. its price D. whose price7. Lily, is Helen _ you want to introduce me to?A. that B. who C. whom D. the girl8. The professors talked with us about the beautiful schools and the experienced teachers _ they had seen.A. that B. who C. which D. what9. This is the only bus _ goes to the village school.A. / B. that C. where D. it10. Is there a shop around _sells China Daily?A. who B. where C. in which D. which11. She was the only one of the girls in our class _ accepted as candidate for the president of our Students Union.A. who was B. who were C. who has been D. who have been12. She is no longer the sweet little girl _ she used to be.A. what B. who C. when D. that13. Is this singer _ songs you like best?A. whos B. whose C. which D the one whose14. He got angry with _ was against his opinion.A. who B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who15. Anyone _with what I said may raise your hand.A. which agreesB. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree16. Thats the dog _.A. weve been looking after B. after which weve been lookingC. what weve been looking after D. weve been taking care for17. This is the last time _ Ill give you a lesson.A. when B. that C. what D. as18. The family _ I stayed with in Paris are coming to London.A. whose B. which C. what D. whom19. This is the very knife _ I used to cut apples yesterday.A. that B. by which C. which D. with which20. China has many rivers, _ the Yangtze River is the longest.A. which B. in which C. among which D. one of which21. The use they are _ the waste helps to save a lot of money.A. made ofB. made fromC. making up ofD. making of22. That tree, the branches _ are almost bare, is a very old one.A. whose B. in which C. of which D. of it23. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. thatB. who C. from whom D. to whom24. What is the way Smith thought of _ enough money to buy the new house?A. getting B. having got C. being got D. to get25. Jack spent as much time as he could _ over his lessons.A. going B. went C. go D. to go 26. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. when D. of which27. I am impressed by the fact that he makes good use of every minute _ he can spare. A. that B. in which C. in that D. when28. This is the last time _ I will write to you. A. when B. that C. what D. as29. I dont like the way _ he spoke to me. A. what B. by which C. by that D. /30. The train _ he was traveling was delayed for more than an hour. A. by which B. on which C. for which D. on that（四）改錯(cuò)1. Is this museum you visited a few days ago?2. The girl which is standing next to our teacher is her daughter.3. He rushed to help the man his car was trapped in the mud.4. All which is need is supply of oil.5. This is the best film which I have seen this year.6. The cake you made it yesterday was very delicious.7. Do you know the man wrote the letter?8. Who is the great man who saved my boy?9. Here are the patients after whom you will look.10. This is all the money with that he can buy a Christmas present for his mother.（五）真題回顧1. We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in rural areas. (2008上海)A. whichB. whoseC. in whichD. with which2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007重慶)A. with whichB. to whichC. of whichD. for which3. Animals suffered at the hands of Man _ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural had to provide food for more people. (2008江西)A. in which B. for whichC. so that D. in that4. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from _ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江) A. what B. that C. which D. one5. You can onl be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that6. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. (2006北京)A. who, /B. /; whoC. who, whoD. /; /7. The Beatles _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006天津)A. whatB. thatC. howD. as8