主旨大意本類考題解答錦囊 一篇文章通常是圍繞一個(gè)中心思想展開的。不少文章一開頭便展示出文章的主題，特別是新聞報(bào)道，第一小段通常是故事的梗概，這一段往往表達(dá)了文章的中心思想；在文章的段落中，則通常由開頭的一句作為主題句(topic sentence)來概括該段的中心思想。主題句一般具有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)： 1表述的意思比較概括，相對(duì)主題句來看，這種概括性更為明顯。 2句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單，多數(shù)都不采用長、難句的形式。 3段落中其他的句子必定是用來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表述的主題思想。 理解一篇文章的主旨大意首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。一般來說，在一個(gè)段落中，主題句的位置有五種情況： 1主題句在段首：在有主題句的段落中，主題句位于段首的可能性最大。通常用演繹法撰寫的段落，往往遵循從一般到個(gè)別的寫作程序，即以概述開始，隨之詳細(xì)解說。 2主題句在段尾：與主題句位于段首的情況相反，主題句位于段尾時(shí)，通常用歸納法撰寫。表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此而結(jié)尾。位于段尾的主題句往往陳述依據(jù)上文的細(xì)節(jié)的結(jié)論或建議，歸納的要點(diǎn)或共性以及得出的觀察印象或結(jié)果。 3主題句在段中：當(dāng)主題句位于段中，開段的句子往往表述段落要論述的主題，而主題則由隨之引出的句子來表達(dá)。此外，為闡明主題思想，在主題句之后，仍有一些句子陳述細(xì)節(jié)，或作合乎邏輯的引申。這一類的段落包括三個(gè)層次：引題主題解釋，或提問回答解釋。 屯主題句在段首和段尾：在一些文段中，作者為了突出主題思想，并暗示讀者，這段文章中的意思比其他的段更重要。采用了前后呼應(yīng)、兩次點(diǎn)題的寫作乎法。值得注意的是，表述同一主題思想的兩個(gè)主題句，在句型結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞方面往往不盡致，而且在內(nèi)容上后者也不是前者的簡單重復(fù)，多半有所引申或順應(yīng)其向細(xì)節(jié)的鋪敘而有所側(cè)重。 5主題句暗含在段中：不是所有的段落都有主題句。尤其是在多段文章中，主題句并沒有明確表述。閱讀這樣的文段，主要通過對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的陳述或概括各段的主題思想，含蓄地表達(dá)文段的主題思想。對(duì)于無主題句的文段，不可能采用辯論主題句的方法來獲取其主題思想。而應(yīng)正確理解作者提供的所有細(xì)節(jié)，包括事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)和事件，在大腦中形成初步印象。然后發(fā)揮自己的邏輯概括能力，概括作者提供的事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)和事件，綜合歸納成一般概念。這種概念不一定能達(dá)到主題句那樣完整，但只要切合文段的主題即可。 這類試題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析、歸納文章的段落大意、重要睛節(jié)、人物特征、環(huán)境特點(diǎn)的能力。這種試題要求學(xué)生把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題和中心句；要求能較好地運(yùn)用概念、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，難度較大，屬于高層次題。在運(yùn)用多項(xiàng)選擇法考查學(xué)生這方面的閱讀理解能力時(shí)，對(duì)大多數(shù)短文(段落)的主題(subject)，中心思想(mabidea)，標(biāo)題(titlle)或作者的寫作目的(puix)se)加以擬題。擬題大致有以下固定的提問方式： 1thesubiectoftheparagraph(passage)is_. 2the paragraph(passage)deals with_. 3what topic is treated in this paragraph(passage)?4. the main idea of the paragraph(passage)is 5. from the paragraph(passage)we know that 6. the paragraph (passage)could be entitled 7. which of the following is the best title for the paragraph(passage)? 8. what is the authors main pupose?凡遇到這樣的一些問題,我們都應(yīng)從理解主題思想去考慮答案是哪一個(gè)。 高考最新熱門題 1.(典型例題季卷) a characteristic of american culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made man-the man who has risen to the top through his own efforts, usually beginning by working with his hands. while the leader in business or in- dustry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the com- mon laborer or even the skilled factory worker, he may take pains to point out that his father started life in america as a farmer or laborer of some sort.this attitude toward manual (體力的) labor is now still seen in many aspects of american lif one is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortably but even luxuriously (豪華地) furnished and in which there is every evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children; yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of something quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the near- by bakery. on the contrary, the hostess usually takes pride in careful preparation of special dishes. a professional man may talk about washing the car, digging in his flowerbeds, painting the house. his wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing. the son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education. 1. from paragraph 1 , we can know that in america a. people tend to have a high opinion of the self-made man b. people can always rise to the top through their own efforts c. college professors win great respect from common workers d. people feel painful to mention their fathers as laborers 2. according to the passage, the hostess cooks dinner herself mainly because a. servants in america are hard to get b. she takes pride in what she can do herself c. she can hardly afford servants d. it is easy to prepare a meal with canned food 3. the expression wait on table in the second paragraph means a. work in a furniture shop b. keep accounts for a bar c. wait to lay the table d. serve customers in a restaurant 4. which of the following may serve as the best title of the passage? a. a respectable self-made family b. american attitude toward manual labor c. characteristics of american culture d. the development of manual labo命題目的與解題技巧：本文的命題目的是考查考生概括主題的能力。做這類題的決竅就是找主題句。本文共兩段，主題句為每段的第一句話。找出主題句，就不難抓住本文的主題思想。 【解 析】 本文介紹了美國人民在生活中尊重通過自己的勤奮勞動(dòng)而獲得成功的人這樣一種文化。 【答 案】 1a這是一道段落主旨題。從第一段內(nèi)容可知整段都圍繞第一句話展開，因而第一句話是這一段的主題句，說明在美國手工工人很受尊敬。 2b 本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段倒數(shù)第四句說女主人自已做飯的原因是她們?yōu)樽约耗軇?dòng)手做飯而感到驕傲。 3d 猜測詞義題。根據(jù)sswashdishesforhis 1iving可推測出wait。ntable的意思“在飯店當(dāng)招待員”。4b 本題是主旨題。這篇短文主要講述美國人對(duì)手工勞動(dòng)的態(tài)度。 2.(典型例題 if there is no difference in general intelligence (智力) between boys and girls, what can explain girls poor performance in science and mathematics? it seems to be that their treatment at school is a directcause. mathematics and science are seen as subjects mainly for boys, and therefore, as girls become teenagers, they are less likely to take them. interestingly, both boys and girls often re- gard the subjects for boys as more difficult. yet it has been suggested that girls do not take mathematics courses, not be- cause they are difficult, but for social reasons. girls do not want to be in open competition with boys because they are afraid to appear less feminine (女性的) and attractive. however, if we examine the performance of boys and girls who have taken mathematics courses, there are still more high- achieving boys than there are girls. this difference appears to be world-wide. biological explanations have been offered for this, but there are other explanations too. perhaps the difference which comes out during the teenage years has its roots in much earlier experiences. from their first days in kindergarten, boys are encouraged to work on their own and to complete tasks. facts show that outstanding (杰出的) mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers. besides, there can be little doubt that teachers of mathematics and science expect their boy students to do better at these subjects than their girl students. they even appear to encourage the difference between boys and girls. they spend more time with the boy students, giving them more time to answer questions and working harder to get correct answers from them. they are more likely to call on boys for answers and toallow them to take the lead in classroom discussion. they also praise boys more frequently. all of this seems to encourage boys to work harder in science and mathematics and to give them confidence(信心) that they are able to succeed. such a way of teaching is not likely to encourage girls to take many mathematics and science courses, nor is it likely to support girls who do. when it comes to these subjects it seems certain that school widens the difference between boys and girls. 1. girls are likely to think that_. a. science courses are for both boys and girls b. science courses make them more popular c. science courses make them successful d. science courses are difficult for them 2. the text mainly discusses _ reasons for the difference between boys and girls in scientific achievements. a. biological b. historical c. social d. personal 3. what are boys usually encouraged to do at school? a. to get help with their homework. b. to play the leading role in class. c. to work with girl students in class. d. to learn to take care of others. 4. what does the passage say about great mathematicians? a. their teachers did not supply answers to them. b. they started learning mathematics at an earlier age. c. they showed mathematical abilities in their teenage years. d. their success resulted from their strong interest in math ematics. 5. the author would probably agree that _. a. boys and girls learn in the same way b. boys and girls are equal in general intelligence c. girls are more confident in themselves than before d. girls should take fewer science courses than boys 【解 析】 本文是議論文，主要分析了男孩跟女孩在數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)方面差異形成的原因。 【答案】 f 1d 要求考生根據(jù)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷。文章第二段中第三句話說明女孩們不愿選修這些理科課程，似乎認(rèn)為這些很難。 2c 考查概括主旨大意的能力。文章第三段雖提到了 biological reason，但這并不是作者要強(qiáng)調(diào)的。“biological explanations have been offered for this，but there are other explanations too”再看全文。作者主要探討的學(xué)校教育，甚至學(xué)前教育所造成的影響，屬于social reasons 3b 這是一道細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第五段在討論學(xué)校教育時(shí)說“they are more likely to call on boys for answers and to allow them to take the lead in classroom discussion”，意思就是說在班里起帶頭作用。 4a 考查對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力。第四段提到男女生的差異可能源于他們?cè)谟變簣@受到的教育。對(duì)大數(shù)學(xué)家的調(diào)查提到“facts show that outstanding mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers。5b 考查對(duì)作者觀點(diǎn)的理解。文章第一句話說“there is no diference in general intelligence between boys and grls”，表明作者承認(rèn)男女之間智力并無大的差異，導(dǎo)致他們后天在理科方面的差距的直接原因不是智力，而是學(xué)校教育。之后作者不再提智力方面的差異，說明作者承認(rèn)這個(gè)前提。 由上面兩個(gè)例題我們可以看出，文章的中心思想或主旨大意一定帶有綜合概括性。 passage1 (典型例題 it was a warm april day when a big fat envelope came in themail from theonlycollege i had ever iiliagined attending i to reopen the packet my eyes were nxed on the word“congratulations”l dont remember ever smiling so wide then i l00ked at my financial(財(cái)政)package. thecost of dream schools tuition(學(xué)費(fèi))，room and board was around(40，000 an impossible sum!how conld i afford to attend?what good reasons did i have to go there when three other fine colleges were offering me free tuittion? my other choices were good， solid schools even if they werent as famous as my first choice in my mind，attending my dream university would be the only way to realize my dream of becoming a world-class writer. my parents understood how i felt. they told me that even though it would be a financial problem, i could go wherever i would be happiest. but as i was always careful with money, i wasnt sure what to do. one of the schools that offered me a full ride had an informational dinner one night in the spring. considering my parentsfinancial difficulties, i decided to drive the 45 minutes and attend. at first, all i had planned to do was to smile politely, eat free food, listen quietly. but i surprised myself. at dinner the president of the university talked about the wonderful activities on campus (校園) including guest lectures and social gatherings. he also made it perfectly clear that free food would be offered at all future events. he continued with explanations of professors, class sizes, activities, and sporting events on campus. as he spoke, i began to realize that this school, though not as good as my first choice, might be the best one for me. it seemed small yet with many great programs. it seemed challenging yet caring. as the president ended his speech, we clapped politely and pushed back our chairs. as i walked out of that door, a feeling of comfort washed over me. looking at the campus that night, i realized that i would be spending the next four years right there. in all honesty, my university is not as well-known as my dream university. however, it turned out to be the right choice of schools for me. 1. how did the author feel when he started to read the letter? a. he was full of joy. b. he was lost in his dream. c. he was worried about the money. d. he was uncertain which school to go to. 答案: a 指導(dǎo)：這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第一段中idont remember ever smiling so wide可推斷出當(dāng)作者開始讀信時(shí)內(nèi)心充滿了歡樂。2. we can learn from the passage that the parents were_. a. honest b. strictc. supportive d. decisive 答案: c 指導(dǎo)：這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第三段中my parents understood how i feltthey told me that even though it would bea financial problem，i could go wherever i would behappiest可判斷出作者的家長對(duì)他很支持。3. in paragraph 5, offered me a full ride can be replaced by_. a. would pay for transport to the school b. would show me around the campus c. would offer free meals at all events d. would charge me nothing for tuition 答案: d 指導(dǎo)：這是一道猜義題。根據(jù)下文的內(nèi)容可猜測出of fered me a full ride的意思是“免除學(xué)費(fèi)”。4. what does the author mainly want to say? a. your second-choice college may actually be your best fit._ b. you should consider comfort in your choice of schools. c. you should try your best to attend your dream school. d. your choice of schools should be based on their fame. 答案: a 指導(dǎo)：這是一道猜測作者寫作意圖題。這篇短文主要講述了作者接到夢想已久的大學(xué)錄取通知書時(shí)心情非常激動(dòng)，但是由于高昂的學(xué)費(fèi)，使他望而卻步，不得不去一家免費(fèi)學(xué)校上學(xué)，在這里作者感到比自己夢想的學(xué)校還要好，所以作者認(rèn)為第二志愿的學(xué)?？赡茏钸m合自己。passage 2(典型例題) a teacher of english as a second language is the 20典型例題her of the year in the united states. kathy mellor of rhode island will spend the next year as an international spokeswoman for education. president bush and his wife. eaura. honored her during a ceremony (儀式) at the white house last week. for the past nineteen years. kathy melior has taught english as a second language at davisville middle school in north kingstown, rhode island, in the northeastern united states. she redesigned the program for e. s. l. students at her school to provide each student with one to three periods per day in classes for english learners. how much instruction the students get depends on their level of skill in listening, speak- lng, reading and writing. the amount of time they spend in these classes is reduced as their level of english increases. a teacher describes tfiis as the most successful e. s. l. program in north kingstown. she also praises kathy melior for providing help to students and their families by forming a local parents group for speakers of other languages. this improved their ability to help their children. kathy melior earned a masters degree in education from rhode island college. she studied teaching english as a second language.she was chosen for the national honor of teacher of the year from among top teachers in each of the fifty states. as teacher of the year, kathy melior will travel around the united states and to other countries. she will talk about the impor- tance of education and the work of teachers. 1. this passage is mainly about_. a. teacher of the year 20典型例題he united states b. ms mellors english teaching instruction c. ms mellors teaching skills of learning english d. praises to ms melior from other teachers 答案: a 指導(dǎo)：本文通過首段首句可看出答案：一名把英語作為第二語言的英語教師成為20典型例題一位模范(一項(xiàng)榮譽(yù))。所以a是最佳選項(xiàng)；其他三項(xiàng)都是主旨下的細(xì)節(jié)。2. what does e. s. l. in the passage stand for? a. english study learners. b. english speaking and listening. c. english special learners. d. english as a second language. 答案: d 指導(dǎo)：結(jié)合整篇文章的中心句(第一段第一句)及第二段第一、二句，可得出答案。猜測詞義千萬不要望文生義，要結(jié)合該詞前后的兩或三個(gè)句子，結(jié)合文章或段落中心，加以推斷。3. from this passage we can learn that_ a. middle school teachers from each state are honored teachers of the year b. middle school teachers in the usa have to get masters degrees c. ms mellors students have no problems in learning engish d. the american government pays much attention to education passage 答案: d指導(dǎo)：文章第一段最后兩句介紹kathy melior(作為20典型例題范教師)將在明年作為international spokeswoinan for education，并且總統(tǒng)夫婦于上周在白宮向她表示敬意，可見政府對(duì)教育之重視。3 (典型例題 central parkoutside among the trees, watch the wildlife-both the human and animal varieties. call (212) 360-3465 or (212)360-2726 for daily events and tours. central park stretches from 59th to ll0th $ts ,and from 5th ave. tocentral park west.empire state building this is among the most striking buildings in the city. thenation, even the world. the observation deck (ffi) on the 86th floor is open to the general public, offering a wonderful view of the city. on the second floor youll find the new york skyride, a simulated(模擬的) helicopter ride over manhattan. 5th ave. at 34th st. ,midlown/(212) 736-3100.intrepid sea-air-space museumfive blocks west of time square, this museum has hundreds of air, deep-sea and space exhibits. walk the flight deck of the 900-foot-long aircraft carrier intrepid, see dozens of old and modem aircraft and ride the intrepid navy flight simulator. pier 86, w. 46th st.and 12th ave./ (212) 245-0072.madison square gardenif its big, it probably happens at the garden. check out sporting events, concerts and much more. tours are available. 7th ave. , btam. 31st and 33rd sts. ,midtown/(212) 465-6 741. 1. the new york skyride is for _. a. sight-seeing b. flight training c. model plane sports d. city transportation 答案: a 指導(dǎo)：從第二則廣告第二句可知。2. if a visitor is interested in music, he will probably go to_. a. central park b. empire state building c. intrepid sea-air-space museum d. madison square garden 答案: d 指導(dǎo)：從最后一則廣告第二句中的concerts可得出答案。3. what is the purpose of these texts? a. to provide information of living in new york. b. to provide directions of city traffic in new york. c. to give visitors a guide to new york. d. to give a brief introduction to the history of new york. 答案: c 指導(dǎo)：考生至少知道中央公園、帝國大廈、時(shí)代廣場中的一處在美國紐約，然后根據(jù)各段落所給的電活號(hào)碼區(qū)號(hào)可得出答案。passage 4(典型例題) sometimes, something that is considered to be negative tums out to be an advantage on the job. though he is only 18 years old and blind, suleyman gokyigk is among the top computer technicians and programmers at intelidata technologies corp. , a large software company with several offices across the united states. after our company united with another one last october, two different computer networks were driving us crazy, recalls douglas braun, the intelidata president. we couldnt even send e-mail to each other. in three weeks mr. gokyigit created the software needed to connect the two networks. none of the companys 350 other employees could have done the job in three months , says mr. braun. suleyman cansee into the heart of the co