傳動系概述1汽車總體構(gòu)造的組成。（車身，底盤，發(fā)動機(jī)，電氣設(shè)備。）2傳動系的定義（汽車傳動系是從發(fā)動機(jī)到驅(qū)動輪之間的所有動力傳遞裝置的總稱。）3傳動系統(tǒng)的基本功用（傳動系的功用是將發(fā)動機(jī)發(fā)出的動力傳給驅(qū)動車輪，使路面對驅(qū)動車輪產(chǎn)生一個牽引力，推動汽車行駛。）4機(jī)械式傳動系統(tǒng)的組成動力的傳遞方向5按發(fā)動機(jī)位置，傳動系的分類和主要應(yīng)用的車型。發(fā)動機(jī)前置前輪驅(qū)動轎車（微型、經(jīng)濟(jì)型汽車；發(fā)動機(jī)前置后輪驅(qū)動大多數(shù)貨車含皮卡、部分轎車尤其是高級轎車和部分客車；發(fā)動機(jī)中置后輪驅(qū)動跑車；發(fā)動機(jī)后置后輪驅(qū)動大、中型客車，數(shù)微型或普及型轎車；全輪驅(qū)動吉車和越野車。6按驅(qū)動輪數(shù)，傳動系的表示方法。離合器1離合器的功用（使汽車平穩(wěn)起步；中斷動力傳遞，配合換擋，使換擋平順；防止傳動系過載。）2離合器的分離過程（欲使離合器分離，只需駕駛員踩下離合器踏板，分離套筒和分離軸承在分離叉的推動下，先消除分離軸承與分離杠桿之間的分離間隙，然后推動分離杠桿內(nèi)端前移，使分離杠桿外端帶動壓盤克服彈簧作用力后移，此時從動盤與飛輪分離，摩擦力矩消失，從而中斷了動力傳遞。）3摩擦式離合器的組成。（基本組成以下四個部分包括主動部分飛輪、離合器蓋、壓盤從動部分從動盤、從動軸壓緊機(jī)構(gòu)壓緊彈簧操縱機(jī)構(gòu)離合器踏板、分離拉桿、分離叉、分離套筒、分離軸承、分離杠桿等）4離合器自由間隙、分離間隙、自由行程、分離行程的定義。自由間隙當(dāng)離合器處于接合狀態(tài)時，分離杠桿與分離軸承之間的間隙（25MM）；分離間隙當(dāng)離合器處于分離狀態(tài)時，主動部分與從東部分之間的間隙（081MM）；自由行程自由間隙對應(yīng)的踏板行程（2050MM）；分離行程分離間隙對應(yīng)的踏板行程（50150MM）。5壓盤的驅(qū)動方式有哪些（靠離合器蓋或飛輪驅(qū)動。）6推式膜片彈簧離合器的組成及工作原理。（組成離合器蓋，壓盤，飛輪，分離鉤，膜片彈簧，前鋼絲支撐圈，鉚釘，分離軸承；工作原理當(dāng)離合器蓋未安裝到飛輪上市，膜片彈簧不受力而處于自由狀態(tài)，此時離合器蓋與飛輪之間有距離，當(dāng)離合器蓋通過螺栓固定在飛輪時，膜片彈簧在支撐環(huán)處受壓產(chǎn)生彈性形變，此時膜片彈簧的外圓周對壓盤產(chǎn)生壓緊力使離合器處于結(jié)合狀態(tài)，當(dāng)踩下離合器踏板時，分離軸承推動膜片彈簧，使膜片彈簧以支撐環(huán)位置點(diǎn)其外圓周向后翹起，通過分離鉤拉動壓盤后移，是離合器分離。）7膜片彈簧離合器的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。（膜片彈簧既起壓緊彈簧的作用，又起分離杠桿的作用，使離合器結(jié)構(gòu)得以簡化，軸向尺寸縮短，重量減小；膜片彈簧與壓盤以整個圓周相接觸，對壓盤壓力分布均勻摩擦面接觸良好，磨損均勻；在高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時，膜片彈簧較少受離心力的影響，壓緊力降低很多。）8扭轉(zhuǎn)減震器的功用（降低曲軸扭轉(zhuǎn)晃動度,提高曲軸壽命。）變速器1變速器的功用（改變汽車的行駛速度和牽引力；改變驅(qū)動輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向；使動力與驅(qū)動輪脫離；驅(qū)動其他機(jī)構(gòu)。）2傳動比的定義（從動輪齒數(shù)與主動輪齒數(shù)的比值。）3按傳動比變化，變速器的分類（有級式變速器、無級式變速器和綜合式變速器）4兩軸式和三軸式變速器分別應(yīng)用于哪種傳動系（兩軸式變速器。運(yùn)用于發(fā)動機(jī)前置前輪驅(qū)動；三軸式變速器運(yùn)用于發(fā)動機(jī)前置后輪驅(qū)動。）5各檔位的動力傳遞路線。（1檔輸入軸中間軸一檔齒輪一、二檔結(jié)合套輸出軸2檔輸入軸中間軸二檔齒輪一、二檔結(jié)合套輸出軸3檔輸入軸中間軸三檔齒輪三、四檔結(jié)合套輸出軸4檔輸入軸三、四檔結(jié)合套輸出軸5檔輸入軸中間軸五檔齒輪五檔結(jié)合套輸出軸。）6同步器的功用（使接合套與準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)入嚙合的齒圈之間迅速同步,并防止在達(dá)到同步之前進(jìn)行嚙合。）7變速器操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的自鎖裝置和互鎖裝置的作用及工作原理8分動器操縱原則萬向傳動裝置和驅(qū)動橋1萬向傳動裝置的功用和組成（功用萬向傳動裝置的功用是在兩軸不同心或成一定角度的情況下，以及工作中相對位置不斷變化的兩軸間傳遞動力；組成萬向節(jié)和傳動軸。）2實(shí)現(xiàn)等速傳動的條件（3從萬向傳動裝置到驅(qū)動車輪之間的動力傳遞路線4驅(qū)動橋的組成和各部分的功用（主減速器降速，增矩，變向；差速器使兩側(cè)驅(qū)動輪不等速旋轉(zhuǎn)；半軸講扭矩從差速器傳至驅(qū)動橋；橋殼安裝基礎(chǔ)承重且承力。）5主減速器主動錐齒輪的支承方式（跨置式主動錐齒輪前后方均有軸支撐，支撐到剛度較大，適用于負(fù)荷較大的單級主減速器；懸臂式主動錐齒輪只在前方有軸支撐，后方?jīng)]有；簡支梁式為提高支撐剛度，防止負(fù)荷過大時，從動齒輪變形過大而破壞嚙齒，采用支撐螺柱。）6主減速器采用準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪的優(yōu)點(diǎn)（準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪是一種特殊的錐齒輪,與普通錐齒輪相比,具有重迭系數(shù)大、傳動平穩(wěn)、沖擊和噪音小、可降低汽車的重心、承載能力高和壽命長等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在汽車主減速器中得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。）7差速器的工作原理（車輛直線行駛差速器行星齒輪只有公轉(zhuǎn)，不自轉(zhuǎn)；車輛轉(zhuǎn)彎時，通過行星齒輪自轉(zhuǎn)，使左右兩根半軸的轉(zhuǎn)速不同，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)左右兩個驅(qū)動輪的轉(zhuǎn)速差。）8直線行駛和轉(zhuǎn)彎時，行星齒輪的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)9防滑差速器的優(yōu)點(diǎn)（它克服了普通差速器只能平均分配扭矩的缺點(diǎn)，可以使大部分甚至全部扭矩傳給另外一個不滑轉(zhuǎn)的驅(qū)動輪，以充分利用這一驅(qū)動輪的附著力而產(chǎn)生足夠的牽引力，大大提高了汽車在雙附著系數(shù)路面上的動力性和通過性，顯著改善了汽車操縱穩(wěn)定性，有效地提高了汽車行駛安全性。）10半軸的支承形式有哪些（全浮式半軸它的內(nèi)端插入半軸齒輪的花鍵孔中，外端與輪毅相連，支撐半軸的軸承裝在輪載與橋殼之間，這種支撐形式的車輛載荷全部由橋殼承受，半軸僅用來驅(qū)動車輪，僅承受轉(zhuǎn)矩，不承受彎矩。半浮式結(jié)構(gòu)半軸的軸承裝在半軸與橋殼之間，車輪直接固定在半軸上，車輛載荷和轉(zhuǎn)彎時橫向載荷全部作用在半軸，外端承受全部彎扭。）行駛系1行駛系的組成及各部分的功用（車架安裝汽車的各總成和部件，使它們保持正確的相對位置，并承受來自車上和地面的各種靜動載荷；車橋傳遞車架或承載式車身與車輪之間各方向的作用力；懸架緩和行駛中車輛受到的由于不平路面引起的沖擊力，保證乘坐舒適和貨物完好，迅速減輕由于彈性系統(tǒng)引起的振動，傳遞垂直、縱向、側(cè)向反力及其力矩，并起導(dǎo)向作用，使車輪按一定軌跡相對車身運(yùn)動；車輪支承汽車及貨物總質(zhì)量；保證車輪和路面的附著性，以提高汽車的牽引性、制動性和通過性；與汽車懸架一同減少汽車行駛中所受到的沖擊，并減輕由此而產(chǎn)生的振動，以保證汽車有良好的乘坐舒適性和平順性。）2車架的種類（邊梁式車架；平臺式車架；中梁式車架；綜合式車架；桁式車架。）3承載式車身與非承載式車身的定義及應(yīng)用的車型（定義承載式車身指采用了強(qiáng)度和剛度都較大的車身底板作為車身的承載結(jié)構(gòu)件，又稱無車架式車身；非承載式車身指汽車有剛性車架即底盤大梁架，又稱車架式車身。承載式車身運(yùn)用于大多數(shù)中級，普通級，微型轎車和部分客車；非承載式車身運(yùn)用于貨車，客車和越野吉普車。）4轉(zhuǎn)向車輪的定位參數(shù)及功用（定位參數(shù)軸距，輪距，車輪前束，車輪外傾，主銷內(nèi)傾，主銷外傾，主銷偏置距，輪距差角；功用為確保正確的直線行駛性能，為確保轉(zhuǎn)彎行駛時輪胎附著良好，為減少輪胎磨損。）5車輪的組成及類型。（車輪由輪轂，輪輞以及這兩元件間的連接部分組成；類型輻板式和輻條式。）6充氣輪胎按胎體簾線排列方向分類及應(yīng)用。7簾布層的作用（充氣輪胎的骨架。由幾層掛膠簾布貼合而成，它承受了作用于輪胎上的大部分負(fù)荷。）8子午線輪胎的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)（優(yōu)點(diǎn)附著性能好，滾動阻力小，使用壽命長；胎冠不易刺穿，行駛變形小，油耗低；簾布層少，胎側(cè)薄，散熱好；徑向彈性大，緩沖性能好，負(fù)荷能力較大。缺點(diǎn)胎側(cè)薄，胎冠較厚，在胎側(cè)與胎冠的過渡區(qū)易產(chǎn)生裂口，側(cè)面變形大，側(cè)向穩(wěn)定性較差，技術(shù)和成本要求高。）9扁平率的定義（輪胎的高度和輪胎的寬度比就是輪胎的扁平率。）10懸架的定義、組成及各部分的功用（定義懸架是汽車的車架與車橋或車輪之間的一切傳力連接裝置的總稱；組成及作用彈性元件，承受和傳遞垂直載荷，緩和并一致不平路面引起的沖擊；減震器，加速震動衰減，以限制車身和車輪的振動；導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)用來傳遞垂直力以外的各種力和力矩，保證車輪按一定的軌跡相對于車架或車身跳動；橫向穩(wěn)定器增加懸架的橫向角剛度，控制車身的側(cè)傾。）11獨(dú)立懸架與非獨(dú)立懸架的定義及區(qū)別12雙作用筒式減振器的工作原理轉(zhuǎn)向系1轉(zhuǎn)向系的組成及功用組成轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機(jī)構(gòu)，轉(zhuǎn)向器，轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機(jī)構(gòu)；功用改變或恢復(fù)汽車的行駛方向。2轉(zhuǎn)向中心的定義。（指汽車轉(zhuǎn)向時，要求所有車輪軸相交于一點(diǎn)，此時的交點(diǎn)就稱為轉(zhuǎn)向中心。）3轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑的定義。（由轉(zhuǎn)向中心到外轉(zhuǎn)向輪與地面接觸點(diǎn)的距離。）4轉(zhuǎn)向系角傳動比的定義，其大小對轉(zhuǎn)向系的影響（定義轉(zhuǎn)向器角度傳動比與轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)傳動比的比值；影響傳動比越大，轉(zhuǎn)彎時駕駛員所用操縱力就越小若過大，導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)向操縱不夠靈敏。）5轉(zhuǎn)向盤自由行程的定義、作用、范圍，其大小對轉(zhuǎn)向轉(zhuǎn)向操縱性能的影響6轉(zhuǎn)向器的功用和要求（作用增大轉(zhuǎn)向盤傳到轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機(jī)構(gòu)的力和改變力的傳遞方向。）7齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器的工作原理8動力轉(zhuǎn)向器的定義和組成制動系1制動系的功用。2以蹄式制動器（或盤式制動器）為例，簡述制動系的工作原理及制動力的傳遞方向3制動系和制動器（鼓式和盤式）的組成4制動距離的定義。5制動踏板自由行程的定義。6領(lǐng)從蹄式、雙領(lǐng)蹄式、單向自增力式、雙向自增力式制動器的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)等促動力時，產(chǎn)生的制動力矩大小排序。7盤式制動器與鼓式制動器相比，有哪些優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)8人力液壓制動系統(tǒng)的組成。9液壓式雙管路傳動裝置的布置優(yōu)勢10串列雙腔制動主缸的工作原理11制動輪缸的功用和分類12ABS的定義及應(yīng)用（定義汽車制動防抱系它是一種具有防滑、防鎖死等優(yōu)點(diǎn)的汽車安全控制系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)；應(yīng)用13車輪抱死（分前輪和后輪），汽車發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象（如果前輪抱死，汽車將會失去轉(zhuǎn)向能力。如果后輪抱死，那么就會引起側(cè)滑。）14ABS的組成、優(yōu)點(diǎn)組成輪速傳感器（傳感頭和齒圈等組成），壓力調(diào)節(jié)器（回油泵，電磁閥，存儲器）；優(yōu)點(diǎn)能縮短制動距離，增加了汽車制動時的穩(wěn)定性，改善了輪胎的磨損狀況，使用方便，請您務(wù)必刪除一下內(nèi)容，O_O萬分謝謝2015年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄INDONESIAHASEMERGEDASATOPVACATIONDESTINATIONFORCHINESETHISSUMMER,ALONGWITHTHAILANDSPHUKETISLANDANDTHEMALDIVESARCHIPELAGOENCOURAGEDBYGROWTHINCHINESETRAVELERSTOINDONESIA,THEGOVERNMENTINJAKARTAHASRECENTLYRELAXEDITSVISAPOLICYSINCEJUNE10,CHINESETOURISTSCANENTERINDONESIATHROUGHNINEAPPOINTEDLOCATIONS,INCLUDINGTHESOEKARNOHATTAINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINJAKARTA,THENGURAHRAIINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINBALIANDTHEKUALANAMUINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINMEDAN,BYJUSTGETTINGTHEIRPASSPORTSSTAMPEDONARRIVALOFFICIALLY,ITISCALLEDTHE“FREEVISA“SCHEMETHENEWPOLICYALSOMEANSCHINESETOURISTSCANSAVE35ONVISAFEES,WHICHWILLLIKELYMAKETRIPSTOINDONESIAMOREALLURINGWHILESUCHANARRANGEMENTALLOWSCHINESEVISITORSTOSTAYUPTO30DAYSFORTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELING,THOSESEEKINGEXTENSIONSWILLNEEDTOGETPAIDVISASFROMTHATCOUNTRYSMISSIONSINBEIJING,SHANGHAI,GUANGZHOUORHONGKONG,ACCORDINGTOANOFFICIALATTHEINDONESIAEMBASSYINBEIJINGSANTODARMOSUMARTO,HEADOFTHEEMBASSYSINFORMATION,SOCIALANDCULTURALSECTION,SAYSTHENEWPOLICYISAIMEDATSTRENGTHENINGPEOPLETOPEOPLECONTACTSBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESDAIYU,MARKETINGDIRECTOROFCTRIP,AMAJORCHINESEONLINETRAVELAGENCY,SAYS“WEVESEENANEARLY50PERCENTGROWTHOVERTHEPREVIOUSMONTHINTHENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSTOBALISINCETHEPOLICYWASANNOUNCED“DURINGHISTRIPTOCHINAINMARCH,INDONESIANPRESIDENTJOKOWIDODOPROPOSEDTHATHISCOUNTRYANDCHINAAIMTOINCREASETWOWAYVISITSTOAMAXIMUMOF10MILLIONPEOPLEINTHENEXTFEWYEARSTHEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHASSETTHEIRSIGHTSONGREETING2MILLIONCHINESETOURISTSBYTHEENDOFTHISYEAR,ACCORDINGTOTHEOFFICIAL“THEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHOPESTHATINDONESIANNATIONALSWOULDALSOBEGIVENPREFERENTIALTREATMENTWHILEVISITINGCHINA,“SAYSDARMOSUMARTOIN2013,THENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSWHOVISITEDINDONESIASTOODAROUND807,000LASTYEAR,ITINCREASEDTO959,000,HEADDSBALIREMAINSTHEMOSTPOPULARSITEAMONGCHINESETOURISTSINFEBRUARY,MORETHAN92,200CHINESETOURISTSMADETRIPSTOBALI,RANKINGFIRSTAMONGOVERSEASVISITORS,THEBALITIMESREPORTEDLASTYEAR,THEISLANDWITNESSEDMORETHAN586,000ARRIVALSFROMCHINA,ANINCREASEOF51PERCENTOVER2013“BALIISNTJUSTFORSIGHTSEEING,BUTALSOFORWEDDINGS,HONEYMOONS,GOLFANDMANYOUTDOORACTIVITIES,“SAYSFANWENQING,AMARKETINGEXECUTIVEATGARUDA,INDONESIASNATIONALAIRLINERGARUDAOFFERSTHREENONSTOPFLIGHTSBETWEENBEIJINGANDBALI,ANDFOUREACHWEEKBETWEENBEIJINGANDJAKARTATHEREAREDAILYFLIGHTSFROMGUANGZHOU,INGUANGDONGPROVINCE,ANDSHANGHAITOJAKARTAASWELLITTAKESFROMSIXTOEIGHTHOURSONANONSTOPFLIGHTTOREACHINDONESIAFROMCHINAINDONESIAISHOMETOMORETHAN17,000ISLANDSTOURISTSCANTOURYOGYAKARTATOSEEPRAMBANAMANDBOROBUDUR,TWOHISTORICALANDRELIGIOUSSITES,ANDEXPLORETHELOCALHANDICRAFTMARKETSTHEBASEOFAVOLCANO,BANDUNG,WHICHISALSOKNOWNASTHE“PARISOFJAVA“,ISIDEALFORADVENTURESEEKERSMANYECOTOURISMDESTINATIONS,SUCHASTOBALAKEINSUMATRA,TANJUNGPUTINGNATIONALPARKINKALIMANTANANDBUNAKENINMANADO,AREPLACESTHEEMBASSYOFFICIALRECOMMENDSFORTOURISTSINDONESIABOASTSWORLDCLASSSURFINGFACILITIESALONGTHESHORESOFSUMATRADOWNTONUSATENGGARAISLANDSRECENTLY,LOMBOK,ASISTERISLANDEASTOFBALIHASGOTTENSOMUCHATTENTIONFROMCHINESETRAVELERSTHATSOMETRAVELAGENCIESAREOFFERINGTWINPACKAGESFORBALIANDLOMBOKTHEBESTTIMETOVISITBALIISFROMMAYTOOCTOBER,WHENITDOESNTRAINMUCHANDTHEWEATHERISCOOLATPRESSTIME,AWEEKLONGPACKAGEFROMSHANGHAIORGUANGZHOUTOBALIWASALITTLEMORETHAN3,000YUAN480ONCTRIPSWEBSITECHINESETOURISTSHAVETAKENASHINETORAFTINGINUBUD,SIGHTSEEINGINTANAHLOT,ANDSURFINGANDDIVINGINNUSALEMBONGAN,SAYSDAICIVETCOFFEE,ESSENTIALOILANDWOODCARVINGSAREAMONGTHEMOSTPOPULARPRODUCTSFORCHINESETOURISTSININDONESIA,SHESAYSINDONESIANFOODISALSOSOMETHINGTHATVISITORSSHOULDNTMISSLOCALCUISINESFEATUREMANYSPICES,INCLUDINGPEPPERSANDCLOVES,ANDCOCONUTPULPFRIEDRICE,“DIRTYDUCK“ANDROASTSUCKLINGPIGARERECOMMENDEDCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSFIRSTAPPEAREDINTHE1600SINEUROPETHEIRPASSAGETOCHINA,HOWEVER,TOOKMUCHLONGER,ROUGHLY300YEARSINCHINA,CHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSHAVEAHISTORYOFJUST100YEARSANDTHEIRDEVELOPMENTCANBEDIVIDEDINTOFOURSTAGESFROMEARLY1900STOMID1900S,ALARGENUMBEROFBOOKSANDMAGAZINESWITHILLUSTRATIONSAPPEAREDWITHTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMODERNPUBLISHINGINDUSTRYTHEILLUSTRATIONARTSATTHATTIMEWEREAMIXEDGENREOFCHINESETRADITIONALPAINTINGSANDTHEWESTERNSTYLE,ANDMOSTOFTHESTORIESORIGINATEFROMTHEFUNDAMENTALCHANGESTHATCHINAEXPERIENCEDAFTERTHECOLLAPSEOFQINGDYNASTY16441911,THEWARLORDSTRUGGLESANDTHEWARAGAINSTTHEJAPANESEINVASIONTHESECONDSTAGEWASFROMMID1900STOLATE1970S,WHENTHE“CULTURALREVOLUTION“196676ENDEDTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFSOMESPECIALPUBLISHINGHOUSESFORCHILDRENGAVEBIRTHTOALARGENUMBEROFILLUSTRATIONSTORYBOOKS,WHICHMADEAGOODUSEOFFOLKARTTECHNIQUES,SUCHASWOODBOARDCARVING,FRESCOES,ANDINKANDWASHPAINTING,ETCMANYOFTHEPOPULARSTORIESAREFROMCHINESEHISTORYANDWARSAFTER1900STHETHIRDSTAGEIS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