1、Particle Charge DetectorPCD 03粒子電荷檢測(cè)器一、一、Certification證明證明METEK Company certifies this instrument was built in accordance to the regulations of the European Community 89/336/EEC, 73/23/EEC and was found to meet its specifications when it was shipped from the factory. For operational safety, pay part

2、icular attention to all warnings, cautions and notes in this instruction manual. The owner and user will be obliged to ensure the availability of all necessary safety devices and documentation during operation of the instrument.The manufacturers warranty does not include defects arising from inexper

3、t installation or handlingor from inadequate maintenance.METEK公司保證這個(gè)設(shè)備是和歐洲共同體89/336/EEC, 73/23/EEC的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一致的，并且在從工廠裝貨時(shí) 說(shuō)明書(shū)一同被裝入。為了保證安全，在操作手冊(cè)里對(duì)于所有的警告、注意事項(xiàng)和注釋都有特別的說(shuō)明。在設(shè)備的操作期間，這所有者和使用人都有責(zé)任確保必要的安全設(shè)置和條文的可用性。制造商的擔(dān)保不包括不熟練的安裝或操作失誤或來(lái)自不適當(dāng)?shù)谋ｐB(yǎng)造成的過(guò)失損失。二、二、Warnings, cautions and notes used in this manual have the fo

4、llowing significance在操作手冊(cè)里警告、注意事項(xiàng)和注釋具有下列的重要性Failure to observe this information can result in personal injury.不仔細(xì)閱讀資料的結(jié)果是導(dǎo)致人身傷害Failure to observe this information can result in damage to equipment.不仔細(xì)閱讀資料就會(huì)使設(shè)備受到損傷Information that requires special emphasis to ensure smooth operation of the instrument

5、.為了保證安全操作設(shè)備有些資料要特殊的強(qiáng)調(diào)WARNINGS, CAUTIONS and NOTES precede the text to which they refer.警告、注意事項(xiàng)和注釋在資料的最前面Mtek Analytic GmbHAll rights reserved. No part of this manual may be copied, photocopied, published, reproduced,translated or converted into electronic or machinereadable form without written perm

6、ission of Mtek.NOTECAUTIONWARNINGI Description描述1.1 General information總說(shuō)明總說(shuō)明In all aqueous systems such as dispersions or emulsions, the charges of the solid/liquid interfaces play a decisive role: they are responsible for the reaction mechanisms between charged colloidal在所有的水系里，例如分散體系或乳狀液，液體和固體的界面

7、電荷運(yùn)動(dòng)起決定的作用，是造成膠體粒子間的反作用力的主要原因。1.1.1 Fundamentals基本原理基本原理_ Streaming current流動(dòng)電流流動(dòng)電流Practically all colloidally dissolved substances and solid particles in water carry electric charges. This leads to a concentration of oppositely charged ions, the so-called counter-ions, on the colloid surfaces. If t

8、hese counter-ions are separated from, or sheared off, the dissociated macromolecule or particle, a streaming current can be measured in mV. A streaming current of zero mV denotes the point of zero charge, i.e. all existing charges in the sample are neutralized.事實(shí)上在水中所有的膠體物質(zhì)和固體微粒都攜帶電荷。這會(huì)導(dǎo)致在膠質(zhì)表面上的相對(duì)帶電

9、粒子的集中，即所謂的離子計(jì)數(shù)器。如果這些離子計(jì)數(shù)器能夠被分離或剪切，解離高分子或粒子的流動(dòng)電流可以被在mV里測(cè)量。流動(dòng)電流的零點(diǎn)電壓表示零電荷的點(diǎn)，即所有的樣品中的電荷被中和。If the measured potential is unequal to zero, the sign of the measured value merely indicateswhether the charge is positive (cationic) or negative (anionic). The potential itself is a relative parameter that depe

10、nds on different influential factors, suchas如果電壓不等于零，測(cè)量值僅顯示電荷為正或?yàn)樨?fù)。電壓是一個(gè)相對(duì)參數(shù)，有不同的影響因素，例如： electrical conductivity of the sample dispersion樣品傳播的電導(dǎo)率 sample viscosity 樣品黏度 molecular weight and particle sizes of the sample 分子量和樣品的粒子尺寸 dimensions of the measuring cell測(cè)量元件的精度 temperature溫度 cleaning of the

11、 measuring cell測(cè)量元件的清潔處理1.1.2 Measuring principle測(cè)量原理測(cè)量原理Streaming current measurements with the PCD 03 are based on the following principle (Fig. 1-1): the central element is a plastic measuring cell (1) with a fitted displacement piston (2).用PCD 03流動(dòng)電流測(cè)量法是以下列原理為基礎(chǔ)的：主要測(cè)量元件是帶有可置換活塞的塑料測(cè)量元件。If an aque

12、ous sample is filled into the measuring cell, colloidally dissolved molecules will adsorb at the plastic surface of the piston and on the cell walls under the action of van der Waal forces. The counter-ions remain comparatively free. A defined narrow gap is provided between cell wall and piston.如果含水

13、試樣被裝進(jìn)測(cè)量單元，膠體分散分子會(huì)在范德華力作用下被吸附在活塞的塑料表面上和和測(cè)量室壁上。這些帶電粒子是相當(dāng)自由的，他們能夠任意的在測(cè)量室壁和閥門之間的狹小范圍內(nèi)活動(dòng)。Driven by a motor (4), the piston (2) oscillates in the measuring cell (1) and creates an intensive liquid flow which entrains the free counter-ions, thus separating them from the adsorbed sample material. At the bui

14、lt-in electrodes (3), the counter-ions induce a current which is rectified and amplified electronically (5). The streaming current is shown on the display (6) with the appropriate sign.通過(guò)電機(jī)（4）驅(qū)動(dòng)活塞桿（2）在測(cè)量室（1）內(nèi)震蕩，引起液體強(qiáng)烈運(yùn)動(dòng)，拖動(dòng)集合離子，使它們從吸附的試樣表面分離。電極（3）安裝在內(nèi)部，電子整流放大器（5）離子形成電流，流動(dòng)電流顯示在數(shù)顯（6）上。 Fig. 1-1 Schemat

15、ic of test setup1 plastic measuring cell塑料測(cè)量單元 2 displacement piston轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)活塞3 electrodes電極 4 motor and piston電機(jī)和活塞5 electronics 電子器6 display顯示屏1.1.3 Calculation of charge quantity and charge level電荷數(shù)量和電荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算電荷數(shù)量和電荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算_ Polyelectrolyte titration聚合高分子電解質(zhì)滴定聚合高分子電解質(zhì)滴定For quantitative charge measurements of

16、 the sample,a polyelectrolyte titration has to be conducted which uses the streaming current to identify the point of zero charge (0 mV). To this end, an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte of known charge density is added to the sample as a titrant. The titrant charges neutralize existing charges of

17、 the sample. Titration is discontinued as soon as the point of zero charge (0 mV) is reached.Titrant consumption in ml is the actual measured value which forms the basis for further calculations. 應(yīng)用流動(dòng)電流零點(diǎn)電荷點(diǎn)聚合高分子電解質(zhì)滴定進(jìn)行試樣電荷含量的測(cè)定。目的是，以相對(duì)帶電聚合高分子電解質(zhì)作為滴定劑加入試樣確定電荷密度。滴定劑電荷中和試樣電荷，達(dá)到零電位點(diǎn)結(jié)束滴定，滴定劑消耗的毫升數(shù)是實(shí)際測(cè)量值

18、計(jì)算的基礎(chǔ)。_ Calculation計(jì)算計(jì)算The specific charge quantity q eq/g is calculated according to the following formula:通過(guò)下面公式計(jì)算出荷質(zhì)比的數(shù)量荷質(zhì)比的數(shù)量q eq/g： V*Cq= Wt WtV = consumed titrant volume l滴定液消耗量，單位;Lc = titrant concentration eq/l滴定液濃度，單位：Nwt = solids of the sample樣品的固含量或它的有效成分or its active substance gq = speci

19、fic charge quantity eq/g荷質(zhì)比的數(shù)量Example: When measuring an 0.1 % Ti02 suspension, a 10 ml sample contains0.01 g solids, wt = 0.01 g. Consumption of cationic polyelectrolyte until point of zero charge: 2.5 ml. Titrant concentration was 0.001 N. By multiplying the specific charge quantity in eq/g by the

20、 Faradays constant F = 96485 C/eq, the total charge quantity in C/g will be obtained.例如：當(dāng)測(cè)量含0.1 % Ti02的懸浮液時(shí)，10ml中的樣品中含有0.01g的有效物質(zhì), wt = 0.01 g。直到零電荷時(shí)的陽(yáng)離子高分子電解質(zhì)的消耗：2.5ml。滴定液濃度是0.001N，用法拉第常數(shù)F = 96485 C/eq乘以荷質(zhì)比eq/g，這個(gè)總的電荷數(shù)量C/g就會(huì)獲得。If several identical samples are to be compared, the charge quantity q d

21、oes not have to be calculated provided the samples are titrated under identical conditions, i.e. at the same sample solids and titrant concentrations. In this case, the measured volume of consumed titrant in ml may be directly used and the values obtained are directly comparable. In this context, th

22、e terms anionic and cationic demand of a sample are in common use.如果幾個(gè)相同的樣品作比較，的條件下被倘若是同樣的滴定，即同樣的固含量和同樣的滴定液濃度，這個(gè)電荷數(shù)量不必被計(jì)算出。在這種情況下，以滴定液的消耗的體積ml的數(shù)值可直接作比較。關(guān)于此點(diǎn)，確定試樣的陰離子和陽(yáng)離子是通用的。1.1.4 Determination of the isoelectric point等電位點(diǎn)的判斷等電位點(diǎn)的判斷_ Acid/base titration酸酸/堿性條件下的滴定堿性條件下的滴定Apart from charge density me

23、asurements, the PCD 03 lends itself to identifying the isoelectric point (IEP) of suspensions or dispersions.The IEP is the pH-dependent point of zero charge of a particle. In this context, existing layers of specifically adsorbed charge carriers are taken into account.By dropwise addition of a titr

24、ant (acid/base), the sample pHs are shifted until the point of zero charge (streaming current = 0 mV) is reached.In the majority of cases, cationic samples are titrated with a base and anionic samples with an acid up to the point of 0 mV.Following this, the pHs of the titrated sample are measured.除了

25、電荷密度測(cè)量之外，PCD 03本身能夠鑒別懸浮液或分散系的等電位的點(diǎn)。等電位點(diǎn)是一個(gè)粒子的零電荷的PH所決定的。關(guān)于此點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)有的特定吸附的電荷被應(yīng)用到計(jì)算中。逐滴加入滴定液，試樣的PH值被改變，直到達(dá)到零電位點(diǎn)。在多數(shù)的情況下，陽(yáng)離子試樣用堿式的滴定，陰離子試樣用酸式滴定直到等電位零點(diǎn)。這樣，試樣PH被測(cè)定。Note:注意pH measurements are not possible while the PCD is in operation.當(dāng)PCD在測(cè)量時(shí),PH測(cè)量是不可能的Fig. 1-2 Isoelectric pointNOTE1.2 Applications1.2 Applica

26、tions應(yīng)用軟件應(yīng)用軟件_ Paper manufacture Paper manufacture 造紙業(yè)造紙業(yè) Improved machine running through optimized elimination of anionic trash通過(guò)最優(yōu)化的除去陰離子垃圾以提高機(jī)械的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn) Enhanced retention提高保留率 Increased chemical performance增強(qiáng)化學(xué)藥品的性能 Good runnability優(yōu)良的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)性能 Chemical savings節(jié)約化學(xué)藥品_ Effluent treatment污水處理污水處理 Chemical s

27、avings by controlled flocculant dosages通過(guò)控制絮凝劑的劑量節(jié)約化學(xué)藥品 Increased dry content of sludges through improved dewatering通過(guò)增強(qiáng)脫水來(lái)提高污泥干度 Precise identification of the demulsification point of emulsions and cooling lubricants精確判定反乳化作用的乳化點(diǎn)和冷卻滑潤(rùn)劑 Optimized selection of flocculants最優(yōu)化選擇絮凝劑_ Filler/pigment proc

28、essing填料填料/顏料的處理顏料的處理 Determination of the optimum dispersed condition and of dispersant amounts. 最佳的分散條件和分散劑總量的判斷 Identification of the isoelectric point permits selective particle flocculation.等電位點(diǎn)的鑒定決定選擇的粒子絮凝劑1.3 Description of instrument設(shè)備的描述設(shè)備的描述1.3.1 PCD 03On its facing side, the front panel (

29、13) features a digital display (12) indicating the potential in mV.Arranged in the middle are a cationic LED (1) and an anionic LED (3). A motor switch (2) for thepiston drive is located on the left and a power LED at bottom right of the panel. The test chamber (7) accommodates the burette tip holde

30、r (4), the measuring cell (8) with contact pins (5) and guide (6) for the measuring cell. The displacment piston (9) is mounted in the PCD on suspension (10).在它的木表上，面扳(13)起到數(shù)顯作用，（12）表示毫伏電壓，在中間安裝一個(gè)陽(yáng)離子二極管（1）和一個(gè)陰離子二極管(3)。驅(qū)動(dòng)活塞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的一個(gè)電機(jī)開(kāi)關(guān)(2)被安裝在面板的左邊，這個(gè)電源二極管被安裝在面板的底部右邊。測(cè)量室（7）調(diào)節(jié)滴管焊條夾鉗(4),，帶有接觸插腳（5）的測(cè)量室（8），和

31、測(cè)量室導(dǎo)軌（6），關(guān)于懸浮液的置換開(kāi)關(guān)被安裝在PCD上。Fig. 1-3 Front view of PCD 03的正面圖1 LED cationic陽(yáng)離子發(fā)光二極管 8 measuring cell測(cè)量元件2 switch for piston drive活塞驅(qū)動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān) 9 displacement piston置換活塞3 LED anionic 陰離子發(fā)光二極管10 piston suspension暫停活塞4 burette tip holder 滴管焊條夾鉗11 power LED電源二極管5 precision contact pins精密觸點(diǎn)插腳 12 digital display

32、 mVmv數(shù)字顯示器6 guide for measuring cell策量槽導(dǎo)軌 13 front panel面扳7 test chamber測(cè)量室Arranged on the rear panel of the chassis (Fig. 1-4) are the power module connection with a window showing the set voltage (1), a fuse latch (2), the power switch (3) and a power cord receptacle (4). The output signal jack (6

33、) is located at centre right. The CE symbol (7) denotes that the instrument conforms to the CE Directives of the EU (or to 89/335/EEC).在底盤(Fig. 1-4)的后面板上安裝一個(gè)與窗口顯示電壓(1)相連的電源模塊，一個(gè)保險(xiǎn)絲插銷(2)，電源開(kāi)關(guān)(3)和電源線插座（4），輸出信號(hào)插孔（6）安裝在靠中心的右邊。圓周誤差符號(hào)(7)指示儀器與歐盟(或者對(duì)89/335的/EEC)的圓周誤差指令相符。Fig. 1-4 Rear view of PCD 031 voltag

34、e indicator/fuse 5 nameplate2 latch 6 output signal jack3 power switch +/- 2000 mV(0=OFF, I=ON) 7 CE symbol4 power cord receptacleFig. 1-4 Rear view of PCD 03的后視圖1 voltage indicator/fuse電壓指示器/保險(xiǎn)絲 5 nameplate標(biāo)示牌2 latch 插銷6 output signal jack輸出信號(hào)插孔3 power switch +/- 2000 mV(0=OFF, I=ON)電源開(kāi)關(guān) 7 CE symbo

35、l圓周誤差符號(hào)4 power cord receptacle電源線插座1.3.2 Measuring cells測(cè)量單元測(cè)量單元The PCD 03 is standard-equipped with a measuring cell type 1 and a piston type 1. A piston with deep grooves providing for a larger clearance is available for highly viscous and shear-sensitive samples.Alternatively, the precision measu

36、ring cell type 2 with precision piston type 2 may be employed. This option is particularly suitable for highly sedimenting particles, higher viscosities and larger sample volumes ( 60 ml).PCD 03是一個(gè)帶有測(cè)量元件1型和活塞1型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備，活塞帶有深的凹槽對(duì)高粘度和高切變敏感試樣提供更大的間隙。做為選擇，這個(gè)精密測(cè)量元件2型和精度活塞2型也能被選中。這個(gè)選擇更適合于容易沉積的粒子、更高粘度的和較多量體積的

37、試樣( 1 mm are readily possible. For larger particles measuring up to 1 mm, the special piston with deeper grooves should be used. There is no specific particle size limit at the lower end of the scale.如果使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)活塞或精度活塞，樣品中固體微粒尺寸不超過(guò)300 m。在其它方面 1 mm的纖維的尺寸是允許的。對(duì)于測(cè)量超過(guò)1mm的較大的微粒，應(yīng)該使用帶有深溝槽的特殊的活塞。在刻度的較低末端沒(méi)有特殊粒子尺

38、寸的限制ViscosityViscosity粘度粘度The standard piston type 1 is suitable for use with samples of a viscosity below 300 mPa.s. For samples of higher viscosities up to 6000 mPa.s the special piston type 1 with deeper grooves has been developed. 1型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)活塞適合使用粘度低于300 mPa.s的式樣。對(duì)于高粘度到6000 mPa.s的式樣，已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出帶有深溝槽的1型特殊活塞V

39、iscosities exceeding the above values impede the oscillating movement of the piston in the cell.Moreover, the flocculation effect typically occurring towards the end of titration will enhance viscosities too. 在單元里超過(guò)規(guī)定數(shù)值的粘度將阻止活塞震動(dòng)。而且，接近滴定終點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生的絮凝作用也會(huì)增加粘度。Samples with a viscosity exceeding 6000 mPa.s s

40、hould be diluted with de-ionized water. If highly viscous samples are to be titrated, mixing of the titrant with the sample will take longer than with low-viscosity samples. Accordingly, a lower titration rate should be selected. 粘度超過(guò)6000 mPa.s的式樣應(yīng)該被稀釋。如果高粘度的試樣被滴定，與滴定劑的混合時(shí)間比低粘度試樣要長(zhǎng)，可選擇較低的滴定速率。Molecu

41、lar weightMolecular weight分子量分子量The minimum molecular weight of the polyelectrolytes to be studied should be approx. 300 g/mol. If the molecules are smaller, their adsorption on the cell wall by van der Waal forces cannot be ensured. Not ions present in the sample will be measured. At the upper end

42、of the scale, there is no limiting molecular weight of colloidally dissolved substances.經(jīng)研究高分子電解質(zhì)的最小分子量大約是300 g/mol。如果分子量較小，就不能通過(guò)范德瓦爾斯力確保它們?cè)趩卧谏系奈?。在樣品?nèi)離子的不規(guī)律性將被測(cè)定。在這個(gè)刻度上面的限度，沒(méi)有溶解膠質(zhì)物質(zhì)分子量的限制。Conductivity傳導(dǎo)率傳導(dǎo)率The conductivity of the sample decisively impactsthe streaming current: the higher the condu

43、ctivitythe lower the electrical resistance in the sample willbe and the more thestreaming current willdecrease without,however, influencingthe titration results.樣品的傳導(dǎo)率會(huì)直接影響流動(dòng)電流：傳導(dǎo)率越高樣品的電阻越低并且如果即使影響滴定結(jié)果更多的電流會(huì)減少。NOTE注釋注釋Samples that do not meet the above specificationsmay be prepared as outlined under

44、 item 4.2 below.像在條目4.2頁(yè)底的描述要點(diǎn)，準(zhǔn)備不同于上面詳述的試樣4.2 Sample preparation樣品制備樣品制備For stock systems including both colloidally dissolved material and solid particles, different ways of sample preparation will give different data on the charge conditions prevailing in a sample (cf. Table4-1).漿體系包括膠體分散體系和固體微粒，

45、不同的樣品制備方式，在樣品中主要電荷的數(shù)據(jù)是不同的。Generally speaking, results are only directly comparable if the samples are prepared in an identical manner. Test results obtained for samples of the same kind but which were treated by different methods may yield additional information about, e.g., the charge conditions of

46、 solids. 一般而言，如果同樣的方式制備樣品可以直接的比較結(jié)果。相同的試樣不同的處理方法獲得的檢測(cè)結(jié)果，要有附加的材料說(shuō)明。例如，固體的電荷形式。In each case, quantitative sampling must be ensured which gives reproducible values.在每種情況下，樣品的數(shù)量必須確保能夠重復(fù)測(cè)定再現(xiàn)值。4.2.1 Filtration篩選篩選To separate larger solid particles from the sample,samples are usually filtered with a whiteba

47、nd filter.This may falsify results because polyelectrolytes tend to be adsorbed at the filter paper. We therefore strongly advise against using paper filters.Ceramic filters do not normally cause any problems.從樣品中分離較大的固體微粒，樣品通常用whiteband過(guò)濾器篩選，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致結(jié)果偏差，由于高分電解質(zhì)可能被吸附在濾紙上，所以我們強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)用濾紙過(guò)濾。陶制的過(guò)濾器一般不會(huì)引起任何的問(wèn)

48、題。4.2.2 Centrifuging離心過(guò)濾離心過(guò)濾It is very important that centrifuging times are identical for all samples. 對(duì)于所有的樣品同樣的過(guò)濾次數(shù)是非常重要的4.2.3 Screening篩選篩選In the majority of cases, it will be sufficient to separate long fibres and larger particles by a coarse nylon screen. However, the formation of a filter cak

49、e should be avoided. 在大多數(shù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，通過(guò)一個(gè)粗糙的尼龍篩要充分的分離長(zhǎng)纖維和較大的微粒。無(wú)論如何，要消除塊狀的的結(jié)構(gòu)。Quick and reproducible sampling is achieved in the following way: replace the bottom of a plastic cup by a nylon screen. Immerse the cup into the sample and remove the screened supernatant liquid with a pipette (Fig. 4-2).下面的方法是完

50、成快速的和重復(fù)的取樣：用一個(gè)尼龍篩替換塑料杯的底部。把這個(gè)杯子浸入樣品內(nèi)，用吸管吸取篩過(guò)的清液層。4.2.4 Back titration反滴定法反滴定法This method of sample preparation suggests itself in the following cases:在下列情況下，樣品制備的方法建議依據(jù)本身的滴定方法Due to their structure, the samples cannot be placed into the cell directly, such as if the charge level of larger chemical p

51、ulp fibres is to be quantitatively determined. 由于它們的結(jié)構(gòu)，樣品不能夠直接加入測(cè)量單元，例如大量的化學(xué)漿纖維決定電荷數(shù)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Reaction of test substance with the titrant is too slow so that direct titration would be useless.檢測(cè)物質(zhì)和滴定劑的反應(yīng)太慢因此直接滴定是無(wú)效的Type of sampleType of sample樣品類型樣品類型The total charge of an anionic solid sample containing

52、a large number of long fibres and other solid particles is to be determined. In view of the high solids or excessive particle sizes, direct measurement in the cell is not feasible. This is where back titration is recommended.一個(gè)陰離子固體樣電荷的總數(shù)是由其包含的大量的長(zhǎng)纖維和其它的固體微粒決定的。由與過(guò)高的固體物質(zhì)或過(guò)大尺寸的微粒，直接滴定是不可行的。所以要推薦反滴定。P

53、rocedureProcedure程序程序Take 20 g of the anionic sample to be measured and fill up to 100 g with poly-DADMAC 0.001 N. Stir this mixture for approx. 2 hours with a magnetic stirrer. During this period, the cationic poly-DADMAC will neutralize all anionic charges of the sample. Since there is an excess a

54、mount of poly-DAMAC, a residual cationic charge will remain in the sample.取20 g用于測(cè)量的陰離子式樣，用0.001N的聚乙烯DADMAC稀釋到100g,用磁力攪拌器攪拌大約2小時(shí)。在這期間，陽(yáng)離子電荷會(huì)中和試樣內(nèi)的所有陰離子電荷。由于有過(guò)量的聚合物DAMAC，樣品中將留下過(guò)剩的陽(yáng)離子電荷。After the reaction period, screen out the solids of the mixture. Decant 10 ml of the solution into the measuring cel

55、l and titrate up to the point of zero charge with Pes-Na 0.001 N. 反應(yīng)期過(guò)后，篩出的混合物的固體。輕輕的把10ml溶液倒入測(cè)量單元用0.001N的Pes-Na用滴定法測(cè)量零電荷點(diǎn) Result V1: Consumed.消耗體積V1:消耗Pes-Na 4.83 mlIn addition, titrate 10 ml of fresh poly-DADMAC加起來(lái)，滴定10ml的聚乙烯DADMAC溶液和Pes-Nasolution with Pes-Na up to the point of zero charge.直到零電荷的

56、點(diǎn)Result V2: Consumed Pes-Na 10.68 ml.消耗體積V2:消耗10.68ml Pes-NaCalculation of charge amount q:電荷數(shù)量電荷數(shù)量q計(jì)算計(jì)算Example of back titration:反滴定實(shí)例反滴定實(shí)例V2-V1 Difference between the charges of the fresh poly-DADMAC and the reacted poly- DADMAC indicates the charge amount neutralized in the sample.在原聚合物DADMAC和起反應(yīng)

57、的聚合物DADMAC間的電荷的不同，V2-V1之差表示在樣品中被之差表示在樣品中被中和的電荷的總量中和的電荷的總量。c Concentration of the titrant,i.e. here 0.001 eq/l.滴定劑的濃度即：0.001 eq/l.wt 2 g of the original sample were used for titration. (20 g were filled up to 100 g, ofwhich 10 g were used for titration). Wt 取2g原樣用來(lái)滴定（20g被稀釋到100g,用10g滴定液）Result: The c

58、harge level of the sample under test is 2.925 eq/g. 試樣的電荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等于2.925 eq/g.Table 4-1 Sample preparation methods V Operating Material操作手冊(cè)操作手冊(cè)5.1 Titrant solutions滴定溶液滴定溶液Titrants must always carry the opposite charge of the sample. 滴定劑必須攜帶相反的電荷Optimum titrant concentrations depend on the charge density

59、of the sample and should be selected to keep titrant consumption between 0.2 and 10 ml. 最適宜的滴定液濃度取決于樣品中電荷的密度，并且適宜的消耗體積應(yīng)該在0.2ml和10ml之間5.1.2 Polyelectrolytes高分子電解質(zhì)高分子電解質(zhì)MTEK recommends the use of Pes-Na and poly- DADMAC as standard reagents, because their charge densities are practically pH-independen

60、t. (See also item 9.2)MTEK推薦用Pes-Na和poly- DADMAC最為基準(zhǔn)試劑。應(yīng)為它們的電荷密度接近中性。5.1.2.1 Pes-Na聚乙烯磺化鈉聚乙烯磺化鈉Pes-Na (polyethene sodium sulfonate) is an anionic polyelectrolyte. It serves as a calibrating substance to determine the content of other titrants.聚乙烯磺化鈉是一種陰離子高分子電解質(zhì)。它作為校準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)來(lái)確定其它的滴定劑內(nèi)容。5.1.2.2 Poly-DADMAC