1、第二部分 語法(一時態(tài)對于一般現(xiàn)在時,考生在熟悉基本時態(tài)的概念和構(gòu)成的同時,需要注意以下兩點用法:表示普遍真理 , 表示時間、條件、比較狀語從句時,用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時。例:The earth moves around the sun.If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on picnic.試題They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _their exams.A. have finishedB. finishC. finishedD. was finishing2、一般過去時考生必須熟悉

2、動詞變?yōu)檫^去式的形式,同時最重要的要認(rèn)清句中陳述出來的時間狀語, 如 yesterday, ago, in 1949等。例:The children went out just now.The foreign guests visited Nanjing last summer.試題 :Youve already missed too many classes this term. You _two classes just last week.A. missedB. would missC. had missedD. have missed3、一般將來時考生必須了解一般將來時的構(gòu)成方式。如

3、shall, will +do, am (is are + going to do, am (is, are +about to do, am (is are + to do等。同時要注意句中體現(xiàn)出來的時間狀語及動作未來的含義。如 tomorrow, next year, this term, in the future等。例:We are going to have a party tomorrow afternoon.The highway is to be opened next year.The talk is about to begin.試題 :A large proportion

4、 of the heat _ (absorb if the water does not boil.答案:will be absorbed。4、過去將來時考生在熟悉一般將來時的構(gòu)成及用法后, 只需要在過去將來時中的 be 改為 was , were即可表示過去將來時的概念。需要注意的是句中陳述的是:“ 在過去某一時間內(nèi)將要發(fā)生的動 作或存在的狀態(tài) ” 。例 :He said that he would let me know as soon as possible.試題:I thought youhave any objection to it.A. wontB. would beC. wou

5、ldntD. will5、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時考生必須熟悉該時態(tài)的基本構(gòu)成及用法,既要注意 ing 的構(gòu)詞形式,也要認(rèn)清句中陳 述的時間狀語及動作正在進(jìn)行的含義,如 now 等。同時應(yīng)注意:如果句中表示的是一種經(jīng)常性 的動作或狀態(tài),尤其是和 always, constantly等副詞連用,表示的不滿、抱怨情緒時,也要用現(xiàn) 在進(jìn)行時表示。例:We are struggling with backwardness and poverty.He is always doubting my word.試題 : It is reported that a new TV center_ (set up in our

6、 city.答案 :is being set up。6、過去進(jìn)行時用法基本上與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時類似,只需要把 be 改為 was , were即可。需要用表示過去時間 的狀語或看清上下文動作之間的聯(lián)系狀態(tài)。例:The sun was just setting as we reached home.試題 :I fell and hurt myself while I tennis.A. was playingB. am playingC. playD. played7、將來進(jìn)行時考生需注意其構(gòu)成形式中必須含有 be 動詞,即 will be doing,注意句中陳述出來的在將 來某一具體時刻正在發(fā)生的

7、動作。例 :I shall be having a meeting with Mr. Roy in 2 minutes.試題 : We are told the popular singers _ (stay for five days in the downtown.答案 :will be staying。8、現(xiàn)在完成時考生要熟悉該時態(tài)的基本用法及構(gòu)成形式,并注意 標(biāo)志性的時間用語 ,如 so far, by now/up to now, for a long time, since, in the past years, already, yet, lately等。同時需加強 注意兩個句型

8、 :It(/This is (will be the first (second, thirdlast time 結(jié)構(gòu) 的從句中要求用現(xiàn)在完成時; It(/This is the best (worst, most interesting+名詞 +that 結(jié)構(gòu)中從句 要求用現(xiàn)在完成時。例:I havent seen much of her lately.It is the first time Ive heard her sing.This is the most interesting film he has ever seen.試題 :You should have put the mi

9、lk in the ice-box; I expect it _undrinkable by now.A. becameB. has becomeC. had becomeD. becomes9、過去完成時強調(diào)的是過去的過去,考生需熟悉該時態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)并要注意:(1 經(jīng)常用于 said, reported, thought等引導(dǎo)的間接引語中。(2 常用在有 hardly, scar cely, barely, no soonerthan 等副詞的句子中,這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示 “ 剛 就 。 ”(3 It was the first (second, thirdlast time that 句型的從句中使用

10、過去完成時。(4 與過去的事實相反的虛擬語氣中。例:He said that he had missed the train.She had hardly gone to bed when the bell rang.It was the first time that he had lost the game.If I had tried harder, I would have won.試題 :We our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A. just have hadB. have just hadC. just hadD. had

11、 just hadBetween 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were .A. had producedB. have been producedC. would have producedD. had been produced10、將來完成時考生需注意該時態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu), 并首先注意應(yīng)是未來的時間, 然后是陳述者認(rèn)為是在未來時 間之前已經(jīng)完成的動作,注意時間狀語,如 by the time, by the end of等。例:Ill have done all the work by

12、the time you are back this evening.試題 :By the year 2010,scientists probably a cure for cancer.A. will be discoveringB. are discoveringC. will have discoveredD. have discovered11、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時考生需注意該時態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu), 并注意強調(diào)動作從過去到現(xiàn)在的 “ 一直性 ” , 這個動作有可能 繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。注意:考題中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)如 wait for, writing letter, study, work等詞。例:She has

13、 been working hard at English since last term.試題 :I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A. was knockingB. am knockingC. knockingD. have been knocking12、過去完成進(jìn)行時強調(diào)過去某個時間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個時間的動作。該時態(tài)由于在高自考 中出題較少,故不作為重點時態(tài)掌握。例:She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.試題 :When I fi

14、rst met Ann, she for Exxon for 15 years.A. had been workingB. have been workingC. workedD. has worked(二 關(guān)于被動語態(tài)的問題關(guān)于被動語態(tài)的問題,大家可以在大學(xué)英語一的第 191-195頁學(xué)習(xí)到,由于時間關(guān)系, 這里就不介紹了。希望大家注意一點:被動語態(tài)實際常用的只用八種,但與非謂語動詞、情態(tài) 動詞連用起來,也需要大家時刻注意。大家在做題過程中,多問問自己:“ 該題是不是被動。 ” 因為主動的題目大家再熟悉不過了,就是由于心情過去興奮或過去急躁,才對被動語態(tài)進(jìn)行了 忽視。切記:多問一句是不是 “

15、 被動 ” 是很有好處的。(三 動詞不定式的用法講解1、做主語做主語時,經(jīng)常會考主謂一致性的問題,換句話說,謂語動詞在不定式做主語時往往用 單數(shù)形式。例 :To make a plan for our future is important. 形式主語為翻譯題考試的側(cè)重點。例 :It is important to get a good command of English at the university.2、做表語考生需要熟悉一些詞匯,如 objective, plan, goal, reason, intention, wish , desire, purpose, aim ,這些在主

16、語位置上時,應(yīng)考慮不定式做表語。例 :My plan is to pass the exam.3、做賓語考生要熟悉課本 P220的詞匯。在 consider, think, find, feel動詞后 +it+形容詞 (或名詞 +不定式,這種用法稱之為 it 做形式賓 語代替真正的做賓語的不定式。例 :We consider it very important to study English well.4、做定語不定式通常不放在所修飾的名詞或代詞的后面做定語,這與漢語的定語位置是不同的。例:She was the only one to look after the child.5、做狀語考

17、題的主要方向是要求大家掌握不定式做目的和結(jié)果狀語?？忌谧鲱}時經(jīng)常問問自 己這句話是為了什么目的,或產(chǎn)生了怎樣的結(jié)果,這樣一來就不難選擇用不定式形式了。例 :In 1980, he went to China to study Weiqi. (目的 A few years later she came home to find that her hometown had greatly changed. (結(jié)果 6、做賓補其含義就是動詞后加了一個 sb.+to do, 換句話說, 就是比做賓語中間多了一個人而已。 考生應(yīng)熟悉 P222的詞匯。不帶 to 的不定式用詞:make, let, se

18、e, hear, watch, notice, feel。其結(jié)構(gòu)為 make sb. do, let sb. do,etc. 。不定式形式的變化及用法1、一般式 :作為一般性了解,熟悉教材 P224。2、進(jìn)行式 :說明動作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生,結(jié)構(gòu)為 to be doing。例:He pretended to be working when I came in.試題:Of course, we should like everything to_smoothly.A. have been goneB. goingC. have been goingD. be going3、完

19、成式:在 seem, appear, be supposed, be said等詞后表示在更早一些時間發(fā)生的事情。 例:He seems to have been ill.試題 :The book is said into several foreign language up to now.A. to translateB. to have translatedC. to have been translatedD. to be translated4、被動式:熟悉教材 P225,盡可能理解書上提供的例子。試題 :An old man entered the inn and asked fo

20、r accommodation _ for him.A. to be made B. should be madeC. being made D. should make還需要注意的問題:1、 “wh -疑問連詞 +不定式 ” 結(jié)構(gòu)做主、表、賓或同位語。例 :They dont know whether to come or not.2、使役動詞 have(/get+賓語 +過去分詞,表示 “ 叫某人完成某件事情 ” 。例:Ill have a garage built.Ill get my hair cut.(四 分詞難點講解考生必須了解:-現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示被動、完成。-

21、現(xiàn)在分詞常修飾的是事物,譯為 “ 令人 ” ,過去分詞常修飾人,譯為 “ 感到。 ” 對與分詞做定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語和主語補足語的內(nèi)容,大家可以在教材 P251-P255找到,這里就不詳述了。需要考生注意的是:1、分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)分詞短語用做狀語時,它的邏輯主語一般必須與句子的主語一致。但它有時也可以有 自己的邏輯主語,形成 “ 名詞 (代詞 +分詞 (或分詞短語 ” 結(jié)構(gòu),稱之為分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 例:Weather permitting, the students in our class will go to the mountains.試題:Other things , cop

22、per heats up faster than iron.A. being the sameB. having been the sameC. to be the sameD. be the same2、在 see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動詞后,用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在發(fā)生我們觀察到了動作的一部分,用不定式時,表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生了,即全部過程結(jié)束了。 例:Looking out of the window, I saw a little boy crossing the road.I watched a little boy cross the road and

23、enter a shop.試題 :A phone call sent him back to the office.A. hurryB. hurryingC. to hurryD. hurried3、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式 (having done主要用做狀語,表示該動作在謂語動詞的動作之前已經(jīng) 發(fā)生完成。例:Having finished his book, the writer went to the seaside for a holiday.試題 :, the teacher asked whether anyone wished to ask a question.A. F

24、inishing his lectureB. Having been finished the lectureC. Having finished his lectureD. Finished the lecture4、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式 (being done表示一個被動的動作, 正在進(jìn)行或該動作與謂語的動作 同時發(fā)生。例:The problem being discussed is very important.如果被動的動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生,要用分詞的完成被動式 (having been done。 例:Not having been given directions,

25、the taxi driver didn t know where to go.試題 :by a crowd of spectators, he felt nervous.A. Being watchedB. WatchingC. Having watchedD. Having been watched(五 動名詞1、動名詞做主語文時,謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)。例:Breathing has become more difficult here.牢記與動名詞有關(guān)的句型:It is no use (good, a waste, foolish, nice, worthdoing ; There is

26、no point in doing sth.等等。試題 :There is no use over split milk.A. of being cryingB. to cryC. cryingD. if it will cry2、動名詞做賓語:牢記 P284所有詞匯。3、動名詞做介詞賓語時,首先要選對形式,其次要注意是否有被動含義。這里考生時刻小心與 to 搭配的短語,這些短語中的 to 并不是不定式的符號,而是介詞,后面需用動名詞形式。如 object to, attach importance to, approach to, subject to, solution to, contr

27、ibute to, in addition to, stick to, look forward to等等。試題 :I am sure your suggestion will the problem.A. contribute to solvingB. contribute to solveC. be contributed to solveD. be contributed to solving4、注意區(qū)別 remember, forget, regret, stop, try, mean, go on等詞后動名詞與不定式連用時含義上 的不同。5、在 need, require, dese

28、rve后,動名詞做賓語時表示被動,無須用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。例:My bike needs repairing.6、動名詞的完成式如果動名詞表示的動作在謂語動作所表示的動作之前發(fā)生,用動名詞的完成式 (having done 。例:I regret having done such a thing.試題:I dont remember.A. ever to be sayingB. to have been saidC. having ever said thatD. ever said that7、動名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時,用形容詞性的物主代詞,表示有生命的名詞,用名詞¡°¡

29、;¯s ¡±所有格。例:Your denying everything will get you nowhere.Marys grumbling annoyed him.試題:He insisted on reading the document.A. ImB. myC. mineD. I(六 關(guān)于形容詞與副詞的比較級本章學(xué)生掌握起來相對較容易, 由于時間關(guān)系, 我在這里就不再詳述了, 希望大家在教 材 P319中認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)。 這種語法現(xiàn)象在考卷中的詞匯與句子結(jié)構(gòu)部分、 完型填空、 詞型轉(zhuǎn)換中很 容易發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的痕跡,重要的是我們能不能發(fā)現(xiàn) “than” 、 “asa

30、s” ,以及 “the 比較級, the 比較 級 ” 這幾個詞語,同時要牢記關(guān)于形容詞、副詞比較級的變化。(七 介詞與介詞短語介詞的用法與介詞短語的搭配種類繁多, 學(xué)生記憶起來較為繁瑣, 但只有通過日積月累, 不斷地練習(xí),反復(fù)地強化自己的記憶能力,才能有效地記住一些固定的搭配。大家可以抽出一 些時間仔細(xì)看看教材 P348。(八 冠詞與情態(tài)動詞這兩部分,說實話,在考試當(dāng)中相對占的比重較少,但大家決不能忽略它們,萬一最后 失誤就在這兩方面,將造成終身遺憾,要不學(xué)習(xí)它們,將遺憾終生。大家可以在教材 P380和 P409學(xué)習(xí)一些相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,但要合理地分配一下學(xué)習(xí)時間,我在這里就不熬述了。(九 名詞從

31、句名詞性從句就是起了名詞的作用,只不過是以句的形式出現(xiàn)的。1、主語從句:當(dāng)這種從句出現(xiàn)在主語位置上時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。一般來講,如果這種從句的 含義陳述得十分完整,前面只需加主從連詞 that ,其他詞匯如 if, what, when, where都有著與主 語的某些含義上的牽連,希望大家能認(rèn)真地給予學(xué)習(xí)。例:That the earth is round is true.試題 :made the first United States flag is widely believed.A. When Betsy RossB. That Betsy RossC. Betsy RossD. Wh

32、ether Betsy Ross2、賓語和表語從句:這兩種從句大家可以熟悉教材 P448。3、同位語從句:大家可以熟悉一些句型,并用 that 引出從句做同位語。如:It is a fact (a good thing, well-known, said, recorded, noted, has been found, can be seenthat 。試題:_a table spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the structure and early history of the moon.A. RemarkablyB. Quite

33、remarkablyC. It is remarkable thatD. It is remarkably fact that(十 定語從句的問題大家必須知道, 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中所承擔(dān)的成份, 這樣一來在選擇 that, which, where等連接詞時就不覺得困難了。介詞可放在 which (whom引出的定語從句之前,也可以放在句末。例:This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.試題 :The engineer with Im working is good at playing the violin.A. whoB. which

34、C. whomD. that非限制性與限制性定語從句的區(qū)別 :由于考生要復(fù)習(xí)的內(nèi)容很多,這里只告訴大家一 點:簡單地看是否有逗號,再觀察后句是否是對前半句的補充說明, 就可以判定兩種定語從句。 非限制性定語從句決不會出現(xiàn) that ,相對來說選擇 which, where, whose較多。當(dāng)非限定性定語從句位于句首時,只用 as 不用 which 。例:As was natural, he married her.當(dāng)非限制性定語從句位于主句之后,純粹是表示主句所述內(nèi)容,不帶有 “ 如 那樣 ” 的含義時,用 which ,不用 as 。例:They are invited to the st

35、ate banquet, which was a great honor to them.當(dāng)非限定性定語從句中有 “ 如同 那樣 ” 的含義時,用 as 更為常見。例:as we know as is known to all as we all can see當(dāng)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞指的是先行詞本身時,只用 which 。例:The West Lake, which is one of the world famous scenic spots, is in Hangzhou.試題 :is generally accepted, economic growth is determined

36、 by the smooth development of production.A. WhatB. ThatC. ItD. As(十一 狀語從句考生務(wù)必了解九種狀語從句的概念,特別是它們各自的引導(dǎo)詞,該部分由于相對來說 較易掌握,所以請大家參考教材 P507-513。(十二 虛擬語氣這一部分對于學(xué)員來說, 學(xué)習(xí)的呼聲較高,因為大家感到虛擬語氣十分難以掌握。但 只要大家記住一些公式化的東西, 如對過去的虛擬,后面要用過去完成,對現(xiàn)在和未來的虛擬, 后面要用動詞過去式 (包括被動形式 , 這些情況適用于 wish, as if, as though等固定詞匯在句中的 用法。例:I feel as

37、 if I were ten years younger.I felt as if we had known each other for years.試題 :He talks as if he all about it.A. has knownB. knewC. knowsD. know1、用在主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句中需要注意的詞匯,大家一定要熟悉教材 P542-544, 這些詞匯無論是什么形式或詞性,后面的從句中需要用動詞原形 (包括被動 。2、 would rather, had rather, would sooner等賓語從句后(1 接動詞原形時，表示現(xiàn)在或未來時間，表示一種

38、主觀愿望或選擇。 例：Id rather do it today. (2 接不定式完成式，表示過去的某種選擇不恰當(dāng)。 例：Id rather not have stayed at home than went to the dull film. 試題：Id much rather that you 試題 A. came B. will come C. had come D. is coming tomorrow than today. 3、“It is (about, high time that”后面的虛擬語氣用動詞的過去式。 例：Its time you turned in for the

39、 night. 試題：It is high time that we 試題 A. are B. will be C. had been D. were off. 4、注意句型 If+主語+動詞+，主語+would (should, could, might+動詞原形。屬于與現(xiàn) 在事實相反的虛擬條件句。 例：If I knew his address, I would write to him. 該句型條件句中的 be，不管主語人稱的單復(fù)數(shù)一律用 were。 例：If it were to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. 試題：If the sea 試題

40、 500 feet, India would become an island. A. is to rise B. has risen C. were risen D. were to rise 5、注意句型 If +主語+had+動詞過去分詞，主語+would (should, could, might +have+動 詞過去分詞，屬于與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句。 例：If I had known your address, I would have written to you. 試題：Had he worked harder, he the exam. 試題 A. must have got through B. could get through C. wo