1、6供給、需求與政府政策 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Premium PowerPoint Slides by R

2、on Cronovich2012 UPDATEN. Gregory Mankiw經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第六版供給、需求與政府政策本教學(xué)PPT雙語版由浙江工商大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 陳宇峰 編譯1 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a

3、password-protected website for classroom use.2*本章我們將探索這些問題的答案：本章我們將探索這些問題的答案：什么是價格上限與價格下限？各有什么例子？價格上限與價格下限如何影響市場結(jié)果？稅收如何影響市場結(jié)果？對買者還是賣者征稅對市場結(jié)果有什么不同嗎？什么是稅收歸宿？什么決定稅收歸宿？改變私人市場結(jié)果的政府政策改變私人市場結(jié)果的政府政策 價格控制： 價格上限：出售一種物品或服務(wù)的法定最高價格 比如：租金控制 價格下限：出售一種物品或服務(wù)的法定最低價格 比如：最低工資 稅收： 政府要求買者或賣者每買進(jìn)或賣出一單位物品所支付的一定數(shù)量的貨幣我們將使用供求模

4、型來分析各種類型的政府政策如何影響市場結(jié)果（買者支付的價格，賣者得到的價格，以及均衡數(shù)量） 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom

5、use.4*例例 1: 公寓市場公寓市場沒有價格控制的均衡PQDS公寓的租金$800300公寓的數(shù)量 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for class

6、room use.5*價格上限如何影響市場結(jié)果價格上限如何影響市場結(jié)果價格上限高于均衡均衡價格時沒有限制性即對市場結(jié)果沒有影響PQDS$800300價格上限$1000 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a pas

7、sword-protected website for classroom use.6*價格上限如何影響市場結(jié)果價格上限如何影響市場結(jié)果均衡價格（$800） 高于價格上限，因此是違法的價格上限是一種限制性約束，這導(dǎo)致了短缺PQDS$800價格上限$500250400短缺 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed wit

8、h a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.7*價格上限如何影響市場結(jié)果價格上限如何影響市場結(jié)果長期，供給與需求都更具有彈性。因此，短期更加嚴(yán)重PQDS$800150價格上限$500450短缺 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permi

9、tted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.8*短缺與配給短缺與配給 面臨短缺時，賣者必須在買者之間配給稀缺物品 配給機(jī)制：（1）排長隊(duì) （2）根據(jù)賣者的偏好 這些配件機(jī)制既可能是不公平的，也是無效率的：因?yàn)槲锲凡⒉灰欢〞u給對它評價最高的買者 與此相比，一個自由競爭市場中的配給機(jī)制既有效率（物品賣給對它評價最高的買者），也是客觀的（就是公平的） 2013 Cengage Learnin

10、g. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.9*例例 2: 缺乏技能的勞動力的市場缺乏技能的勞動力的市場沒有價格控制時的均衡WLDS支付給缺乏技能的勞動力的工資$6.0

11、0500缺乏技能勞動力的數(shù)量 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.10*價格下限如何影響市場結(jié)果價格下限如何影響市場結(jié)果

12、WLDS$6.00500價格下限$5.00低于均衡價格的的價格下限沒有限制性即對市場結(jié)果沒有影響 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classro

13、om use.11*價格下限如何影響市場結(jié)果價格下限如何影響市場結(jié)果WLDS$6.00價格下限$7.25均衡價格（$6）低于價格下限，因此是違法的價格下限是一種限制性約束，引起了過剩（也就是失業(yè)） 400550勞動力過剩 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or se

14、rvice or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.12*最低工資法對技能高的工人并沒有影響，它們影響的是青少年研究表明： 最低工資每上升10%，就會使青少年就業(yè)減少1-3%。最低工資最低工資WLDS$6.00最低工資$7.25400550失業(yè)主動學(xué)習(xí) 1 價格控制 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use

15、as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場D決定下述政策的影響：A. 價格上限為$90B.價格下限為$90C.價格下限為$120主動學(xué)習(xí) 1 A. 價格上限$90 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whol

16、e or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場D價格降低到 $90買者的需求是120個房間，而賣者只愿意供給90個房間，導(dǎo)致短缺短缺短缺 = 30價格上限主動學(xué)習(xí) 1 B. 價格下限 $90 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not b

17、e copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場D均衡價格高于價格下限，因此價格下限沒有限制性P = $100, Q = 100 個房間 價格下限主動學(xué)習(xí) 1 C. 價格下限為 $120 2013 Cengage Le

18、arning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場D價格上升到 $120。買者的需求是60個房間，而賣者的供給是120個房間，導(dǎo)致過剩過剩 =

19、60價格上限 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.17*對價格控制的評價對價格控制的評價 第一章討論的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理之一

20、是： 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的一種好方法 價格是指引社會資源配置的信號。當(dāng)政府進(jìn)行價格控制時，這種配置通常會發(fā)生變化 價格控制想幫助窮人，但往往卻傷害了那些它本想幫助的人 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a p

21、assword-protected website for classroom use.18*稅收稅收 政府對許多物品與勞務(wù)征稅是為了給國防，公立學(xué)校等這類公共項(xiàng)目籌資 政府能想買者或賣者征稅 稅收可以是物品價格的一個比例或者每售出一單位物品需支付一定數(shù)量的貨幣 簡化起見，我們僅分析后者 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distri

22、buted with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.19*S1例例 3: 皮薩市場皮薩市場沒有稅收時的均衡PQD1$10.00500 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distrib

23、uted with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.20*S1D1$10.00500向買者征稅向買者征稅現(xiàn)在買者支付的價格比市場價格要高$1.50 為使買者購買相同多的數(shù)量，價格需下降$1.50 例：要使買者仍愿意購買500個，市場價格需從 $10.00下降到$8.50PQD2向買者征收$1.50的稅收$8.50對買者征稅使需求曲線向下移動，其幅度為稅收量 稅收 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserve

24、d. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.21*S1D1$10.00500向買者征稅向買者征稅PQD2$11.00PB =$9.50PS =稅收向買者征收$1.50的稅收新均衡：Q = 450賣者得到的價格：

25、 PS = $9.50買者支付的價格： PB = $11.00兩者之差 = $1.50 = 稅收450 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for clas

26、sroom use.22*450S1稅收歸宿：稅收歸宿：稅收負(fù)擔(dān)在市場參與者之間進(jìn)行分配的方式PQD1$10.00500D2$11.00PB =$9.50PS =稅收在我們的例子中， 買者支付 $1.00的稅收 賣者支付 $0.50 的稅收. 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain pr

27、oduct or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.23*S1向賣者征稅向賣者征稅PQD1$10.00500S2Effects of a $1.50 per unit tax on sellers稅收增加了賣者的成本$1.50 賣者只有在市場價格上升到$11.50時才愿意出售500個匹薩，因?yàn)橹挥腥绱瞬拍軓浹a(bǔ)成本的增加$11.50因此，對賣者征稅使供給曲線向上移動，移動幅度為稅收量Tax 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May no

28、t be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.24*S1向賣者征稅向賣者征稅PQD1$10.00500S2450$11.00PB =$9.50PS =稅收向賣者征稅$1.50新的均衡：Q = 450買者支付PB = $11.00賣

29、者得到PS = $9.50兩者之差 = $1.50 = 稅收 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.25*S1兩種情況下結(jié)

30、果是相同的兩種情況下結(jié)果是相同的!在這兩種情況下：稅收都在買者支付的價格和賣者得到的價格之間打入了一個契子PQD1$10.00500450$9.50$11.00PB =PS =稅收無論對買者還是賣者征稅，最后的市場價格，均衡數(shù)量以及稅收歸宿都是相同的！主動學(xué)習(xí) 2 稅收的影響 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed

31、with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房的市場D假定政府對買者所入住的每個房間都征稅$30找出新的Q, PB, PS, 以及稅收歸宿主動學(xué)習(xí) 2 參考答案 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted i

32、n a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.QPS0賓館住房市場DQ = 80PB = $110PS = $80稅收歸宿買者：$10賣者：$20稅收PB =PS = 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for

33、 use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.28*彈性與稅收歸宿彈性與稅收歸宿案例 1: 供給相對于需求更富有彈性PQDS稅收買者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)賣者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)沒有稅收時的價格PBPS賣者相對于買者更容易離開市場，因此買者承擔(dān)了大部分稅負(fù) 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, sc

34、anned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.29*彈性與稅收歸宿彈性與稅收歸宿案例 2： 需求相對于供給更富有彈性PQDS稅收買者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)賣者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)沒有稅收時的價格PBPS買者相對于賣者更容易離開市場，因此賣者承擔(dān)了大部分的稅負(fù) 2013 Cengag

35、e Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.30*案例研究：誰支付奢侈品稅案例研究：誰支付奢侈品稅 在1990年，國會通過了一項(xiàng)針對游艇，私人飛機(jī)，皮

36、衣，珠寶和豪華轎車這類物品的新的奢侈品稅 目的；增加富人的稅收 但真正支付稅收的人士誰？ 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom u

37、se.31*案例研究：誰支付奢侈品稅案例研究：誰支付奢侈品稅游艇市場PQDSTax買者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)賣者承擔(dān)的稅負(fù)PBPS需求是富有彈性的在短期內(nèi)，供給缺乏彈性因此，游艇工廠承擔(dān)了大部分的稅收主動學(xué)習(xí) 3 2011年工資稅削減 2011年之前, 社會保險工資稅等于工人支付 6.2% 加上雇主支付 6.2% (總共 12.4%). 減稅法案(2010) 將工人支付部分從 6.2% 減少至 4.2% (僅2011年), 但雇主支付部分仍為6.2%. 問題問題:一個典型工人的家庭支付是否會上升2%, 還是大于2%, 還是少于2%? 彈性會影響你的答案嗎? 解釋原因. 2013 Cengage Learn

38、ing. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.主動學(xué)習(xí) 3 參考答案 只要勞動力供給和勞動力需求的彈性都 0, 稅收削減的效益將被工人和雇主共同享有， 工人的家庭支出

39、增加將少于2%. 答案不取決于勞動力需求是否比勞動力供給更具彈性或更缺乏彈性. 后續(xù)問題后續(xù)問題:誰在這次稅收削減中得到較大的效益份額, 工人還是雇主? 彈性怎么樣影響答案? 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.主動學(xué)習(xí) 3 后續(xù)問題參考答案 如果勞動力需求比勞動力供給更具彈性, 工人將從稅收削減中比雇主獲益更多. 如果勞動力供給比勞動力需求更具彈性, 雇主將從稅收削減中比工人獲益更多. 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except