1、 圖 表 作 文1、寫作簡介、寫作簡介2、寫作步驟、寫作步驟3、常用表達(dá)法、常用表達(dá)法4、注意事項、注意事項5、范文、范文1、6、范文、范文2、1 圖表作文 圖表類作文從文章結(jié)構(gòu)上講與其他類作文無重 大 區(qū) 別 。 這 種 作 文 也 包 括 三 部 分 ：introduction, body, conclusion.但是與其他作文相比，引言部分需要描述圖表來提出文章要解決的問題，因此文章的難度相對較高。圖表類作文的難度在第一段，第二段 和第三段與其他作文相同。如何寫第一段，一般來說，需要進(jìn)行以下兩個步驟： 1、讀懂圖表； 2、描繪圖表得出結(jié)論，提出要解決的問題21、讀懂圖表：對圖表進(jìn)行描寫和

2、討論，首先要看懂圖表，弄清它所反映的問題和現(xiàn)象。主要注意以下兩點(diǎn) 熟悉圖表的各種類型，了解它們的特點(diǎn)和作用。圖表一般包括四種：table, line graph, bar graph 和pie chart從眾多的數(shù)字中抓住主要問題。所給的圖表和數(shù)字并不是只進(jìn)行簡單的描寫，而是要求通過圖表上的數(shù)字抓住所反映的社會問題進(jìn)行評論。因此從數(shù)字中看出主要問題和發(fā)展趨勢至關(guān)重要?？忌诜治鰯?shù)據(jù)是尤其應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)：一是結(jié)合所給標(biāo)題和提綱。二是看圖表中哪些數(shù)字的前后變化最大。32、描繪圖表，得出結(jié)論 在描寫中，對數(shù)字的運(yùn)用要有針對性，不要把圖表中的數(shù)字全部描寫出來。圖表和數(shù)字只是說明問題的材料, 通過它們抓

3、住問題，并能夠把問題表達(dá)出來，并不一定非得把數(shù)字列出來。有時可用數(shù)字來描述一種趨勢或變化。所得出結(jié)論可以放在段首，也可以放在段尾。有時為避免毫無目的的過多或全部引用數(shù)字，也可以在描寫和引用數(shù)字之前，先把這些數(shù)據(jù)要反映的問題用一句話寫出來。4熟悉描繪圖表常用的表達(dá)法熟悉描繪圖表常用的表達(dá)法1）描述圖表的內(nèi)容和結(jié)論：描述圖表的內(nèi)容和結(jié)論：Accordingtothefiguresshowninthetable/graphwecansee/concludethatThegraphshows/tellsus/revealsthatAsisshown/canbeseeninthechart,Thetab

4、leis/giveninformationaboutItcanbeseenfromthestatisticsthatThetablerepresents(thedevelopmentandchangesinagricultureinthepast30years).AfterconsideringtheinformationinthegraphwemightconcludethatTherefore,wecanseeclearlythat52) 描述增減變化Compared with the number of 1986 , it still increased by (3680), with

5、an increasing proportion of (2%).The number of grew/rose from toThe amount of will rise/show a tendency to increase.The population will amount to (1200 million) in 2000.6No increase is shown in 1985; then came a sharp increase of 8 million in 1995There is a slight / slow / steady / rapid rise/ incre

6、ase/decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in demand/income/population/prices/production.3) 描述時間over the period from 1985 to 1996during the past half centuryin the 3 years spanning from 1985 to 1987between 1987 and 199774) 描述倍數(shù)和百分比：The figure/percentage/number/population has nearly/almost/ more than d

7、oubled/tripled, compared with that of last year.It has dropped / increased / decreased almost / about / more that twice / six times, compared withThe number/percentage is twice/half as much as that of 1990.It has reached/approached/risen to 50 percent in the past few years.It accounts for 50 percent

8、 of the total8總之，在寫圖表類作文時要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1、 對表格、圖形、數(shù)據(jù)、分類、橫線及百分比等都代表什么，要先了解清楚。2、 適當(dāng)運(yùn)用描述圖表的規(guī)范用語3、 學(xué)會看趨勢，找規(guī)律：從整體看圖表有何發(fā)展變化，找出特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律4、 注意用數(shù)字獲取信息：將代表發(fā)展趨勢的數(shù)字變成文字，加以敘述5、 要抓住典型，講明原因：并不需描述、引用所有信息，只就典型小、數(shù)字說明原因及關(guān)系6、必須按情理得出結(jié)論：基于圖形、曲線所給事實，自然得出合乎情理的結(jié)論，做到自圓其說，具有說服力。 9 Sample Writing 110ClimateEntertainmentFromtheabovechart,

9、wecanseethatCityB,hasthebestclimateandbetterconditioninsafetyamongthethreecities.CityA,thoughitssafetyisbetterthanCityB,hastheworstclimate.ThoughCityChasthebestemploymentopportunityandentertainment,thesafetyinthiscityistheworst.Wereitlefttometochoose,IshouldnothesitateamomenttoliveinCityB.11Whenwech

10、ooseacitytolivein,Ithinkweshouldconsidersafetyandclimatefirst.Safetyisthemostimportantfactorforcitizens.Ifoursafetycantbeensured,itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheresultwillbe.Ontheotherhand,climateisalsoveryimportant.Goodclimatewillbenefitourhealthandmaketheenvironmentbeautifulandcomfortable.12Ofcour

11、se,wecouldntignoretheotherfactorsaboutthecity,suchasemploymentopportunity,entertainmentandsoon.Butthesearenotasimportantassafetyandclimate.Aslongaswehavegoodeducationandstrongabilities,itsnoproblemtogetagoodjobthoughtheemploymentchancesareslim.Takingeverythingintoaccount,thecityIlikebestisCityB.13 S

12、ample Writing 2Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words on the topic Should Women Have Equal Job Opportunities With Men based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to 1. State the facts briefly2. Give possible reaso

13、ns for the facts 3. Stage your attitudeYou should quote as few figures as possible and write your composition in readable writing 14 Sample Writing 215 ChinaU.S.AJapan Agree57%48%34%Disagree8%10%25%CountryPercentage of PeopleAttitude As can be seen in the table, the percentage of people who agree wi

14、th this opinion exceeds that of people who disagree, especially in China; however, in Japan and the U.S., particularly in Japan, there are still some people against womens equal job opportunities with men. Possible reasons for the facts are as follows: On the one hand, the womens liberation movement

15、 across the world has raised womens social positions a lot. In China concerned laws have been passed to protect womens rights in many areas. In the U.S. it is illegal to discriminate against women in employment. On the other hand, women are till thought inferior to men in many aspects as a result of

16、 traditional ideas as well as physiological difference between men and women and this is rather serious in Japan. It is my opinion that womens importance in society should be admitted by more. The society should provide them with more job opportunities rather than look down upon them.16 四 級 作 文 2002

17、，6 With computers becoming more and more easily accessible on the campus, college students are spending more time than ever doing their routine tasks electronically in the last decade. In 1990, for example, the average number of hours a student spent on the computer per week was less than 2 hours. U

18、p to 2000, however, time spent on the computer increased suddenly to almost 20 hours a week.Many reasons account for this growing trend. The last decade has witnessed an astonishing development in IT industry; the use of computers are more diversified, their costs significantly cut down, and the sof

19、tware is becoming more and more user-friendly. On the campus, for example, students may study many courses on computers, surf online for the latest information in their fields, and contact the outside world through web more frequently and conveniently.The easy access to computers on the campus may a

20、lso bring about some problems. The research-and-education-based use accounts for small portion of the whole use, either because the development of subject-related software lag behind, or because students are more caught up in computer entertainment such as playing video games, and chatting online. T

21、herefore, more attention should be called to the wise and academic use of computers on the campus. 17 Teenager Smoking Soar As can be seen in the line graph, the percentage of teenagers smoking increases 3 times in the 15 years, spanning from 1980 to 1995. The increasing proportion should alarm peop

22、le What are the main reasons for this phenomenon? Generally, the reasons can be listed as follows. Firstly, the primary reason, I think, is the development of the society, which makes itself unstable, just like the increasing teenagers crime. Secondly, parents attitude towards the children is more f

23、ree than it used to be. Children are more likely to be affected by others who are evil. Thirdly, most of the teenagers have the wrong opinion that smoking makes them seem cooler and maturer. So they attempt to smoke. Taking everything into account, we should treat the phenomenon seriously. Only if w

24、e lead the teenagers in a correct way, they can grow physically and mentally healthy.18基本提綱模式 第一部分：第一部分：圖表描述。圖表描述。簡單描述圖表所揭示的某簡單描述圖表所揭示的某種社會現(xiàn)象的變化發(fā)展情況；種社會現(xiàn)象的變化發(fā)展情況；第二部分：第二部分：原因或根源。原因或根源。闡述導(dǎo)致這種社會現(xiàn)象闡述導(dǎo)致這種社會現(xiàn)象或發(fā)展變化的或發(fā)展變化的深層次深層次原因；原因；第三部分：第三部分：結(jié)論或評論。結(jié)論或評論。對這種社會現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行利對這種社會現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行利弊評述，也可以簡述個人觀點(diǎn)或?qū)@種弊評述，也可以簡述個人觀點(diǎn)

25、或?qū)@種趨勢可能造成的后果進(jìn)行預(yù)測。趨勢可能造成的后果進(jìn)行預(yù)測。圖表類型(1)表格表格table(2)柱狀圖柱狀圖barchart(3)餅圖餅圖piechart(4)曲線圖曲線圖chart歷年題目回顧 1991.6ChangesinPeoplesDiet2002.6StudentuseofcomputerChanges in Peoples Diet in China(1991.6)Outline1Statethechangesinpeoplesdietwithinthe5years;2Givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;3Drawyourownconclusio

26、ns;Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible寫作思路Para. 1重點(diǎn)描述圖表中的總體信息，即19861990年這5年中人們的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的變化，同時對圖表中提供的信息進(jìn)行比較說明。Para. 2分析中國人的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的原因。Para. 3根據(jù)比較和分析，得出最后結(jié)論。Theperiodof19861990 sawgreatchangesin the diet of the Chinese. (根據(jù)圖表信息概括出某一現(xiàn)象) Theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedby 4%, while the consumption of hig

27、h quality food, such as milk and meat, has increased steadily. （對圖表數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行概括性描述）Model EssayFirst, people are much wealthier than before. With the improvement of peoples living conditions, theycanaffordto buy good food. （原因1）Anotherfactor isthatpeople have realized the importance of a balanced diet to t

28、heir health. Lack of certain amount of meat or milk, for example, will result in poor health. （原因2） Finally,owingtothe economic reform, meat, fish and milk, which were scarce in the past, are produced in large quantities. （原因3） The changes in diet can be accounted for by a number of factors. （分析變化的原

29、因）Tosumup,insignificantasthosechangesmayseem, they are the signs of the improved economic condition in China. （評價這一變化的意義）Webelievethataslongas the effort continues in reform and opening to the outside world, there will be greater changes in peoples diet in the future. （進(jìn)一步展望美好的未來前景）Student Use of Co

30、mputers (2002, 6)1上圖所示為上圖所示為1990年、年、1995年、年、2000年某校大學(xué)生年某校大學(xué)生使用使用計算機(jī)的情況，請描述其變化。計算機(jī)的情況，請描述其變化。2請說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因（可從計算機(jī)的用途、請說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因（可從計算機(jī)的用途、 價格價格或社會發(fā)展等方面加以說明）。或社會發(fā)展等方面加以說明）。3你認(rèn)為目前大學(xué)生在計算機(jī)使用中有什么困難或問你認(rèn)為目前大學(xué)生在計算機(jī)使用中有什么困難或問 題。題。寫作思路Para.1利用圖表（只在此段中描述圖表）描述利用圖表（只在此段中描述圖表）描述使用計算機(jī)的使用計算機(jī)的情況，突出在使用計算機(jī)小時數(shù)上的變化。情況，突出

31、在使用計算機(jī)小時數(shù)上的變化。Para.2指出造成這種變化的主要原因指出造成這種變化的主要原因。Para.3計算機(jī)在為學(xué)生帶來益處的同時也造成了一些問題：計算機(jī)在為學(xué)生帶來益處的同時也造成了一些問題：首先，由于在計算機(jī)上花的時間太多而荒廢了學(xué)首先，由于在計算機(jī)上花的時間太多而荒廢了學(xué)業(yè)；其次，學(xué)生的身心健康受到了一定程度的傷業(yè)；其次，學(xué)生的身心健康受到了一定程度的傷害。害。Asisshowninthechart,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinstudentsuseofcomputersintheuniversity.Thehoursstudentsspentoncomp

32、utersperweeksoaredfromabout2in1990to20in2000,morethan9timeshigher.（圖表所反映出的具體信息和比較性描述）Model Essay Obviously,computers are becoming more and more popular. There are several reasons for this. （分析現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因）On one hand, computers facilitate us in many aspects of life. On the other hand, with the fast devel

33、opment of Internet, our demands on computers increased sharply. Last but not least, with the drop in prices of computers, more students can afford computers.（3個原因）Justaseachcoinhastwosides,there still exist some problems.Tobeginwith,many students use computers only to play video games, which has gre

34、atly influenced their study.Whatsmore,many students health has been damaged as a result of too much exposure to computers.（提出這個變化可能引起的問題）Why Do More and More People Buy Houses?Inrecentyears, many Chinese join the group of house-buyers. （根據(jù)圖表提出某一現(xiàn)象）Accordingtothechart,house-buyers accountfor15% and 3

35、0% of all people in 1995 and 2000 respectively, comparedwith almost nonein 1990.（概括性描述圖表數(shù)據(jù)）Whydo more and more people buy houses? （用提問方式引出探討的主題造成這個現(xiàn)象的原因）Foronething, with the reform of the country, there are more people investing in building houses while less people had money to do so adecadeago. So

36、 there is an ever-growing number of houses available in the market. （原因1）Foranother, people can afford to buy houses with their increasing salaries. Anofficialreportshows that the salaries on average can be as high as RMB 2000-3000 monthly, whereas the monthly income for people ten years ago was onl

37、y RMB 500. （原因2） Lastbutnotleast, the government policy stimulates the activity of house-buying, such as investing money in construction and returning income taxes. （原因3）Fromtheforegoing,thetrendthat more and more people buy houses means success of our countrys reforming.（對全文概括結(jié)論） Cross-Campus Selec

38、tive CoursesCross-Campus Selective CoursesLawFinanceBusiness AdministrationJapanese2002 (number of students)2005 (number of students)17192014414223391. 上圖所示為上圖所示為2002年和年和2005年某高?？缧＿x修年某高?？缧＿x修課的情況，請描述其變化；課的情況，請描述其變化；2. 請說明發(fā)生變化的原因；請說明發(fā)生變化的原因；3. 你認(rèn)為目前高校學(xué)生跨校選修課還有哪些困難你認(rèn)為目前高校學(xué)生跨校選修課還有哪些困難和問題。和問題。 As is sho

39、wn in the table, the number of students choosing cross-campus selective courses has experienced a sharp rise during the four-year period from 2002 to 2005. Students selecting law, finance and business administration doubled, with the number of students choosing Japanese enjoying a minor increase fro

40、m 14 to 23. Two Reasons could account for it. Firstly, college students are increasingly aware that they should add to their competitive advantages. Secondly, with the job market growing tighter, more students choose the utilitarian courses so as to meet the demands of social development. However, t

41、here are problems in this aspect. For one thing, there is usually a long distance between the universities offering selective courses and the students own university. The tiring journey lays a heavy burden on students body, thus affects their study. For another, the selective courses are always in t

42、he form of lectures, which will hardly develop students practical abilities.表示“說明”的常用句型：As can be seen from the diagram/chart/graph/tableAs is revealed/illustrated/shown/stated/noted in the chartIt can be seen from the chart/table/statistics thatThe figure suggests/shows/indicates/illustrates/demons

43、trates thatThe chart gives information that表示“結(jié)論”的常用句型：From the analyses above, we can draw/arrive at/come to/make/reach the conclusion thatFrom the above data we can concludeAccording to the information gathered above, we may reach the conclusion thatThe graph reflects thatWe can make a conclusion

44、from the above that表示“數(shù)據(jù)”的常用句型：hadthelargestpercentage/proportionofmake(s)up/take(s)up/account(s)forpercent.Onthetopofthelistis,whichaccountsforpercent.Atthebottomis,whichtakesuppercent.ComparedwithA,Bhasahigher/lowerpercentage.AissecondtoB.Aisranked/ratedfirst,followedbyBatpercentandCatpercent.Aist

45、wiceasmuch/manyasB.Aisthreetimesfaster/slowerthanB.AispercenthigherthanB.AisslowerthanBbythreetimes.ThenumberofAisthreetimesasmuchasthatofB.表示“成倍變化”的常用句型：The number has doubled/tripled/quintupled, betweenandFrom to,increased/dropped more than six fold.A is twice/three times/four times the amount in表

46、示“極點(diǎn)變化”的常用句型：The situation/figures reached a peak/high atpercent inThe situation/figures bottomed out atpercent inThe output ofinwaspercent down/up compared with表示“數(shù)據(jù)增長”的常用句型：There was a rapid/sharp/dramatic/marked/gradual/slow rise/increase/upwardIt increased/rose/went up fromtoIt has risen to an a

47、verage ofThe number ofis on the rise/increase.The number of tends to go up/increase/rise.There was a boom in the number offromtoThe number ofclimbed/jumped/rose suddenly/went sharply up/soared toin表示“數(shù)據(jù)下降”的常用句型：There was a fall/decrease/reduction/decline/drop/downward trendThe number ofhas fallen/dr

48、opped/declined toThe number of is on the decline.The number of tends to go down/decrease/fall/drop.表示“變化不大”的常用句型： There was a slight fluctuation in the number offromtoThe number ofremained steady/stable/constant between andThere was little/hardly any change in the number ofbetween and The number of

49、remained level between andThe number ofremained steady at approximatelybetweenand1、圖形種類及概述法： 泛指一份數(shù)據(jù)圖表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table餅圖：pie chart直方圖或柱形圖：bar chart / histogram趨勢曲線圖：line chart / curve diagram表格圖：table流程圖或過程圖：flow chart / sequence diagram程序圖：processing/procedures diagram2

50、、常用的描述用法The table/chart diagram/graph shows （that）According to the table/chart diagram/graphAs （is） shown in the table/chart diagram/graphAs can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures，It can be seen from the figures/statisticsWe can see from the figures/statisticsIt is clear/apparent fro

51、m the figures/statistics3、圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)（Data）具體表達(dá)法數(shù)據(jù)（Data）在某一個時間段固定不變：fixed in time在一系列的時間段中轉(zhuǎn)變：changes over time持續(xù)變化的data在不同情況下：增加：increase / raise / rise / go up 減少：decrease / grow down / drop / fall 波動： rebound / wave 穩(wěn)定：remain stable / stabilize / level off 二、相關(guān)常用詞組1、主章開頭圖表類型：table、chart、diagram graph、c

52、olumn chart、pie graph描述：show、describe、illustrate、can be seen from、clear、apparent、reveal、represent內(nèi)容：figure、statistic、number、percentage、proportion2、表示數(shù)據(jù)變化的單詞或者詞組rapid/rapidly迅速的，飛快的，險峻的dramatic/dramatically戲劇性的，生動的significant/significantly有意義的，重大的，重要的sharp/sharply銳利的，明顯的，急劇的steep/steeply急劇升降的steady/s

53、teadily穩(wěn)固的，堅定不移的gradual/gradually漸進(jìn)的，逐漸的slow/slowly緩慢的，不活躍的slight/slightly輕微的、略微地stable/stably穩(wěn)定的3、其它在描述中的常用到的詞significant changes圖中一些較大變化 noticeable trend明顯趨勢during the same period在同一時期unequally不相等地in the case of adv.在的情況下in terms of / in respect of / regarding在方面in contrast相反，大不相同寫圖表作文時，要注意遵循以下步驟：

54、1）認(rèn)真分析圖表的含義，弄清圖表中所含的信息及不同信息間的關(guān)系；2）確定文章的主題思想，構(gòu)思出文章的基本框架，篩選出能說明圖表主題思想的典型數(shù)據(jù)；3）編列文章的提綱；4）根據(jù)文章的提綱，將各段的提綱內(nèi)容擴(kuò)展成段落，然后將各個段落組成文章，注意段與段之間的銜接與過渡；5）檢查與修改。圖表作文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)寫圖表作文時，常采用三段式的謀篇方式。文章的第一段往往分析圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)變化反映什么問題或趨勢，概述圖表所揭示的信息。第二段分析造成這一問題或趨勢的原因。第三段則展望未來的情況或提出解決問題的辦法或建議。這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡單地表述為：第一段：概述圖表反映的主題思想第二段：分析產(chǎn)生的原因第三段：展望未來或提

55、出方法或建議From the graph, we can see that the number of car accidents in Walton city fluctuated during the year of 2007. The first two months of 2007 showed an increasing trend. The rate rose to 32 in March but fell to 26 in June. From June on, the rate was rising again and reached the peak point 39 in

56、August. After August the rate began to decline remarkably, and eventually dropped to the lowest point 16 at the end of the year. Therefore, its obvious that car accident in Walton city declined in 2007.主題句/概述表格反映的內(nèi)容(5)反映交通事故的變化情況(6)小結(jié)：總結(jié)表格數(shù)據(jù)反映的總趨勢 There are several reasons for the decline. First, a

57、new traffic law was made and came into force. It provided that in summer every car must be air-conditioned. As a result, the highest rate in August, when humidity and high temperature make drivers impatient and easily lead to car accidents, dropped steadily. Second, new roads were built and some nar

58、row streets were widened, which quickened the flow of traffic. Finally, the city administration made great efforts to heighten peoples awareness of observing traffic rules.主題句原因/措施一解釋措施一/次要輔助采取措施一后的結(jié)果原因/措施二原因/措施三With all these new measures, Im sure the rate of car accidents in Walton city will go on

59、 falling this year.總結(jié)：展望未來的情況 圖表作文 寫圖表作文時，首先要仔細(xì)觀察并分析圖表，以及題中所給出的有關(guān)信息，比如，作文題，英文提綱、英文提示、英語關(guān)鍵詞等。在分析圖表時，要抓住與主題有關(guān)的信息，要發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)的規(guī)律，要充分利用圖表中的圖形、數(shù)據(jù)等去說明主題。但是注意不要過多地引用數(shù)據(jù)，以免造成濫用數(shù)據(jù)的后果。另外，在寫作圖表作文時可以套用一些常用詞匯或表達(dá)方式，這將有助于你寫出較為地道的圖表作文。例如：As can be seen from the table (graph, form) that.From the above table it can be see

60、n (concluded) that.A careful study of the table shows that.The number (percentage) is 3 times as much as that in 2000.It has decreased (fell, dropped) about twice, compared with (as compared with, as against) that of 2000.In 2001, it increased (went up, rose) from 5 to 15 percent of the total (to 15