1、精品文檔生態(tài)學詞匯:agroecology農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)學abundance豐度，豐富abiotic components非生物組分assimilate同化assimilation同化作用aquatic水生的，水域的，水棲的aquatic ecosystem水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)algae藻類，海藻一ammonium氨age structure年齡結(jié)構area effect面積效應atmospheric cycle氣相型循環(huán)ammonification氨化作用acid rain酸雨acid deposition酸性沉降物asexual reproduction無性繁殖aquaculture水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖annual

2、 weeds一年生草本abandoned field廢棄農(nóng)田alternative energy sources替代能源adaptation適應alternative farming替代農(nóng)作adaptative radiation適應輻射aerobic respiration有氧呼吸agroforestry農(nóng)林業(yè)alien species外源種ancient forest原始森林altitude緯度anaerobic respiration無氧呼吸arable land耕地autotroph自養(yǎng)生物aphid甥蟲boundary邊界biotic components生物組分biotic pop

3、ulation生物種群biotic community生物群落biomass生物量（用重量或能量單位表示）biome生物群系，區(qū)域性生物群落類型boreal forest北方針葉林beaver海貍biosphere生物圈biological nitrogen fixation生物固氮biological oxygen demand (BOD)生物需氧量biotic potential生物潛能（生殖潛能）biodiversity生物多樣性biogeochemical cycles生物地球化學循環(huán)biological magnification生物放大作用biotrophic parasite活體

4、寄生物biodegradable生物能降解的biological control生物防治biennials兩年生的biotic factors生物因子birth control生育控制broad-spectrum pesticides光譜殺蟲劑behavioral ecology行為生態(tài)學biocoenosis生物群落biotope（群落）生境cultivation栽培，馴養(yǎng)climate change氣候變化carbonhydrate碳水化合物carbon cycle碳循環(huán)Calcium carbonate碳酸鈣coral reef珊瑚礁carrying capacity環(huán)境容納量clump

5、ed dispersion成叢分布commensalism偏利作用competitive exclusion競爭排斥coevolution協(xié)同進化camouflage偽裝climax community頂極群落consumer消費者carnivores肉食動物canopy冠層coniferous forest針葉林convergent evolution趨同進化clear-cut采伐空地contour plowing等高耕作crop rotation作物輪作cowbird燕八哥carbon dioxide concentration二氧化碳濃度cellulose纖維素closed system

6、封閉系統(tǒng)coexistence共存courtship求偶（期）crude birth rate粗出生率compost有機肥料，堆肥continental ecosystem陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)distribution分布decomposition分解，腐爛，降解discipline學科degradation退化desertification沙化，荒漠化deciduous forest落葉林decomposer分解者detritus有機殘體1 density-independent controls非密度制約density-dependent controls密度制約distance effect距離效

7、應detritivore食碎屑者detrital food chain腐生食物鏈deforestation破壞植被；森林砍伐denitrification反硝化作用deepsea fishery深海漁業(yè)dominant species優(yōu)勢種dilution effect稀釋效應ecological生態(tài)學的，生態(tài)的ecology生態(tài)學ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)environment環(huán)境environmentalism環(huán)境論，環(huán)境保護論ecologist生態(tài)學家，生態(tài)學者earthworm蚯蚓ecological efficiency生態(tài)效率entropy嫡endothermic animal溫血

8、動物，恒溫動物ectothermic animal冷血動物，變溫動物El Nino厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象estuary河口，江口ecosystem function生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能euphotic zone透光層ecological pyramid生態(tài)金字塔ecosystem value生態(tài)系統(tǒng)價值ecological nicheexponential growth生態(tài)位指數(shù)型增長energy flow能流environmental reservoir環(huán)境庫evaporation蒸發(fā)ecosystem modeling生態(tài)系統(tǒng)模擬environmental gradient環(huán)境梯度energetic tra

9、de-off能量平衡equilibrium平衡emergent挺水植物，突出樹叢epiphyte附生植物extinction滅絕exotic species外來種endangered species瀕于滅絕的物種ecotone群落交錯區(qū)ecotourism生態(tài)旅游external cost外部成本ecological crisis生態(tài)危機fungi真菌first law of thermodynamics熱力學第一定律food chain食物鏈food web食物網(wǎng)flux流（量）fossil fuels化石燃料fixed action pattern固定行為模式fundamental nic

10、he基礎生態(tài)位feedback反饋fern蕨類植物flagship species旗艦種feedback loop反饋環(huán)floating-leaved aquatic plant浮葉水生植物gross primary productivity(GPP)總初級生產(chǎn)力grazing food chain草牧食物鏈geological uplifting地質(zhì)抬升greenhouse effect溫室效應greenhouse gases溫室氣體green revolution綠色革命guild共位群grasshopper蝗蟲genetic drift遺傳漂變global warming全球變暖geot

11、hermal power地熱能geographic isolation地理隔離green manure綠肥genetic diversity遺傳多樣性hunter-gatherer society狩獵-采集社會herbivore草食動物hydrological cycle水循環(huán)habitat生境human intervention人類干擾humus腐殖質(zhì)hummingbird蜂鳥habitat fragmentation生境片段化heterotroph異養(yǎng)生物herbcide除草劑hazardous waste有害廢物hydrosphere水圈homeostasis動態(tài)平衡interact相互

12、作用irrigation灌溉individual level個體水平nfrared spectrum紅外光區(qū)industrial nitrogen fixation工業(yè)固氮infiltration rate滲漏速度inverted ecological pyramid倒生態(tài)金字塔impermeable layer不透水層intraspecific competition種內(nèi)克爭interspecific competition種間競爭intertidal zone潮間帶instinctive behavior先天性行為inshore fishery沿海漁業(yè)sotope同位素ce-cap冰蓋，冰

13、帽intermediate disturbance hypothesis中度干擾假說inorganic fertilizer無機肥料interplanting間作integrated pest management綜合害蟲管理island biogeography島嶼生物地理學edge effect邊緣效應indicator species指示生物infant mortality rate幼體死亡率intercropping間作invasive species入侵物種infectious disease傳染病keystone species關鍵種kinetic energy動能K-strate

14、gistsK-對策者landscape ecology景觀生態(tài)學Lindemann efficiency林德曼效率lynx猙痢，山貓life table生命表life expectancy平均壽命limiting resource限制性資源limiting factors限制因子logistic growth邏輯斯諦增長leafcutting ants切葉蟻leaching滲漏land-use planning土地利用規(guī)劃law of tolerance耐性定律law of conservation of energy能量受恒定律Lyme disease萊姆關節(jié)炎病lithosphere巖石圈

15、lentic ecosystem靜水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)management of ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)管理mycorrhizal fungi菌根真菌mineralization礦化作用marine system海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)methane甲烷mortality rate死亡率mutualism互利共生maximum fatal temperature最高致死溫度mimicry擬態(tài)migratory birds候鳥maximum sustainable yield最大持續(xù)收獲量marginal cost邊際成本marginal benefit邊際收益microclimate微氣候（小氣候）matapo

16、pulation聯(lián)種群minimum viable population最小可生存種群nematode線蟲類natural resources自然資源net primary productivity (NPP)凈初級生產(chǎn)力nutrient cycle養(yǎng)分循環(huán)nitrogen cycle氮循環(huán)nitrogen-fixing bacteria固氮菌nitrate硝酸鹽neutral interaction中性作用nitrogen fixation氮固定nitrification硝化作用n-dimensional hypervolumen維超體積niche separation生態(tài)位分離necrot

17、rophic parasite尸養(yǎng)寄生物nonpoint source pollutant非點源污染物nonbiodegradable生物不能降解的native species本地種nature reserves自然保護區(qū)natural disasters自然災害organism生物體，有機體overgrazing過度放牧organic matter有機質(zhì)open system開放系統(tǒng)overlapping generations世代重疊one-way flow單向流動ozone layer臭氧層ozone hole臭氧空洞overexploitation過度開發(fā)利用overfishing過度

18、捕撈optimal foraging theory最適捕食理論oscillation波動，擺動oligotrophic（水域）貧營養(yǎng)的Omnivores雜食動物oil spill漏油productivity生產(chǎn)力pathogen病菌，病原體pesticide殺蟲劑photosynthesis光合作用primary productivity初級生產(chǎn)力photosynthetic efficiency光合效率predator捕食者，肉食動物praying mantis螳螂phytoplankton浮游植物permafrost永凍帶（土）phosphorus cycle磷循環(huán)parent mater

19、ial土壤母質(zhì)population demography種群統(tǒng)計學，人口統(tǒng)計學population density種群密度spatial distribution空間分布predation捕食parasitism寄生parasite寄主，寄生者parasitoid擬寄生物pioneer species先鋒種primary succession原生演替prairies草原primary producer初級生產(chǎn)者precipitation降水（量）photochemical smog光化學煙霧population fluctuation種群波動periodic fluctuation周期性波動p

20、rey獵物preadapted預適應的perennial weeds多年生草本positive feedback mechanism正反饋機制point source pollutant點源污染物power plant能源植物physiological ecology生理生態(tài)學photic zone透光層population dynamics種群動態(tài)protist原生生物resistance抗性，抵抗力regulation of ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)控respiration呼吸作用，呼吸root nodule根瘤red tides赤潮random dispersion隨機分布reso

21、urce partitioning資源配置（分配）realized niche實際生態(tài)位remote sensing遙感restoration ecology恢復生態(tài)學system系統(tǒng)stability of ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性soil erosion土壤侵蝕salinization鹽化（作用）solar energy太陽能second law of thermodynamics熱力學第二定律species diversity物種多樣性sable紫貂，黑貂seal海豹standing biomass現(xiàn)存生物量static life table靜態(tài)生命表survivorship curves存活曲線symbiosis共生（體）succession演替secondary succession次生演替structure of ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構sedimentary cycle沉積型循環(huán)surface runoff地表徑流soil acidification土壤酸化side effect副作用solid wastes固體廢物shifti