1、美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)(colo nialism)第一部分殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)一、時(shí)期綜述1、 清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：a、narratives 日記 b> journals 游記2、清教徒在美國(guó)的寫作內(nèi)容：1) their voyage to the new land2) Adapt ingthemselves toun familiarclimates and crops 3) About dealing withIn dia ns4) Guide to the new land,endlessbounty,invitationto bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1)puritanwa

2、nt to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible tothe theology.3look upon themselves as chose n people, and it follow logically tha t anyone who challe ngedtheir way of life is oppos ing God's willand is not to be acc

3、epted.4)purita noppositi onto pleasure and thearts sometimes has bee nexaggerated. 步5)religious teach ingten ded toemphasizetheimage ofa wrathfulGod.。4、典型的清教徒： Joh n Cott on & Roger William他們的不同：Joh n Cott on was much more concerned with authoritytha nwith democracy;William begi ns the history o

4、f religious tolerati on in America.5、William 的宗教觀點(diǎn)：Tolerati on did not stem from a lack of religious convictions.In stead, it spra ng from the idea that simply to be virtuous in con duct an d devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief o n others. He also felt that no political or

5、der or church system cou ld ide ntify itself directly with Go6、英國(guó)最早移民到美國(guó)的詩(shī)人：Anne Bradstreet7、在殖民時(shí)期最好的清教徒詩(shī)人：the bestofPurita n poets isEdward Tayor.學(xué)習(xí)指南：1、Couldyougivea description of AmericanPuritans? 關(guān)于美國(guó)清教徒的描繪Like their brothers back inEn gla nd,were idealists,believi ngthat the church should be r

6、estored to the "purity" of the first c en tury church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importanee. They made it their chief business to see thatman liveden ded to the glory of God. ion,origi nal sinand totala specialin fusi onof graceand thou

7、ght and acted in a way which t They accepted the doctri neofpredesti natdepravity, and limitedaton eme ntthroughfrom God, all thatJoh n Calvi n,the greIt was thisat French theologianwho lived in Geneva had preachedkind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildn ess.There theymeaa

8、 nt to prove thatwere God's chose npeopleenjoying2hisbless ingson this earth as inHeave n.2,Hardwork, thrift,piety and sobrietywere thePurita nvaluesthat domin atedmuch ofthe earliestAmerica nwrit in g.Theworkof twowriters,Anne Bradstreet& Edward Taylor,roseto thelevelof realpoetry.4. The ea

9、rliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes, Germa ns,Fren ch,SpaniardsItalia n,andPortuguese.美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 2 (reasoning and revolution)一、美國(guó)的性質(zhì)：The war forIn depe ndenceen ded in the formatio n of a Federativebourgeois democratic republic - the Un ited States of America. 聯(lián) 邦的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主共和國(guó)-美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)。、代表作家：1、BenjaminFrankl

10、in本杰明富蘭克林1706-17901) "Poor Richard'sAlmanac"窮人查理德的年鑒 annualcollect ionof proverbs 流行諺語(yǔ)It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely beca use of Fran kli n's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputati on2) Foun ded theJun to,a club forin formaldiscussi onof scie ntific,

11、econo micand political ideas.3)established America's firstcirculat inglibrary,foun dedthe college-Uni versityofPenn sylva nia.4.first applied the terms "positive" and "n egative" to electrical charges.5)As a represe ntative of theCol on ies,he tried invai nto counsel theBriti

12、sh towardpolicies thatwould let America grow and flourishin associati onwith En gla nd.He con ducted the difficulty negotiati ons with France that broughtfinan cialand military supportfor America in the war.As an author he had power of expressi on, simplicity, a subtle hu mor, sarcastic.7) The Way t

13、o Wealth 致富之道The Autobiography2、Thomas Paine 托馬斯佩因 1737-1809"GreatCom mon of Man ki nd"最平凡的人1) famous pamphlet "Common Sense"著名的政治小冊(cè)子常識(shí) it boldly advocated a"Declarati onforIn depe nden ce",and brought the separatistagitati onto a crisis.擁護(hù)獨(dú)立宣言，是分裂活動(dòng)發(fā)展成最后危機(jī)。2) "Ame

14、rican Crisis" 美國(guó)危機(jī)，signed"Common Sense"(p31,第一段)The Case of the Officers of Excise 稅務(wù)員問(wèn)題； Com mon Sense 常識(shí)； America n Crisis 美國(guó)危機(jī)；Rights of Man 人的權(quán)利：Dow nfall of Despotism 專制體制的崩潰；The Age of Reason理性時(shí)代3、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯杰弗遜1) drafted the Declarationof Independence.起草了獨(dú)立宣言2) 與清教徒不同，

15、主張追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creato r with certainunalienableRights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happ in ess.人人生而平等，他們都從"造物主”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。4、 PhilipFreneau 菲禾U普費(fèi)瑞諾poet and political journalist詩(shī)人禾口政治方面的新聞?dòng)浾?) per

16、haps the most outstandingwriterofthepost-revoluti onaryperiod.2)has bee ncalledthe"Father of AmericanPoetry"美國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父The Risi ngGlory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheBritishPris onShip英國(guó)囚船；Tothe Memoryof the Brave America ns紀(jì)念美國(guó)勇士 -同類詩(shī)中最佳；The;Wild Honeysuckle野生的金銀花；TheIn dia nBuryi ngGround印第安人殯葬地學(xué)習(xí)指南：1

17、.Theology domin ated thePurita n phase ofAmerica nwrit in g.Politics was then extgreatsuject to comma ndtheatte nti onofthe best min ds.o2、Fren eau wasn eoclassicalby trainingandtasteyeroma nticin essen tial spirit.美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 3 ( Romanticisms)一、文學(xué)特征：1、 Environment:1) shapedby their New World environmen

18、t美洲大陸新環(huán)境2)array of ideas 早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國(guó)文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：pluralistic 多元化 人主義conflicting3、Romanticism 的特點(diǎn): freque ntly shared th in the valuein heritedfrommani festatio ns矛盾certa in general of in dividualismsumpti onthat he4、Transcendentalismn aturalworld超驗(yàn)主義the roma ntictradit onsvaried 表現(xiàn)形式多樣characteristics, andi

19、n tuitivewas a sourceofof EuropeIn dividualisticen thusiasm, percepti on,andcorrupti on.moral歐洲faipre1,as a moral philosophy,transcenden talismystematized. It exalted feeli ng over er therestrai ntsof law and custom.wasneitherreas on,in dividuallogicalexpressi onnorov2)they spoke for culturalrejuve

20、nati onf America n society.and aga instthematerialism3)theybelieveinthe transcendenceof"oversoul",anall-pervadi ngpowerforgood ness from whichallthings come! and ofwhichallthi ngsarea part.4itcould exerciseahealthyand restorativein flue neeonthehuma nmind.“Gobackton ature,sink yourselfback

21、 intoitsin flue neeand you'llbecomespirituallywholeagain. ”thewildernesscame to function almost as a dramaticmoral law.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時(shí)代的道德準(zhǔn)則。8,The desire for an escape from society and a retur n me a permanentconvention為了美國(guó)文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。illustratedof America n literature.charactertonaturethatbeca逃離社會(huì)，回

22、到自然成9、Nationalismstimulated as Ian guage. In f theEn glishects appearedgreaterWebster1828 Noah Language” .in poetry and fictionAmerica nliterary published characterwithinterestin America '“ An America n Dictionary o types speak ing local dial in creas ing freque ncy. 受民族5 ）代表人物：Emerson愛(ài)默生believe

23、dthatman was apart ofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭羅，behelddivi nityin the"un spottedinnocence ”ofn ature.自然才是神圣的“潔白無(wú)瑕”5、Literaryforms文學(xué)形式：Novels,short stories,andpoems replaced sermonsand mani festosasmerica ' sprin cipalliteraryforms.A6、 Imaginative literature想象類文學(xué)7、主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國(guó)本土的語(yǔ)言，具有美國(guó)特征

24、的本土方言開(kāi)始在詩(shī)歌和小說(shuō)中大量涌現(xiàn)。10, At midcentury a culturalreawakeningbrought a “ flowering of NewEngland. ” Led by Hawthorne,Emerson,and Thoreau. New EnglandTransce nde ntalism,從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗(yàn)主義二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving 華盛頓.歐文 the first great belletrist第一個(gè)純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個(gè)主要co ntribution the first great prose stylist o

25、f America nroma nticism.美國(guó)第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家 "SketchBook”見(jiàn)聞札i己， the firstmodern short stories and the first great Americanjuve nileliterature.Irvi ng restored the waning Gothic roma nces which Poe soon in fused with psychological subtleties.重振了沒(méi)落的哥特式浪漫主義小說(shuō)，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識(shí)融入了這種體裁。 "Lege nds o

26、f theCo nquest of Spai n "西班牙征服記A History of New York紐約的歷史美國(guó)人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；The SketchBook 見(jiàn)聞札記 The Lege nd of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的傳說(shuō)使之成為美國(guó)第一個(gè)獲得國(guó)際聲譽(yù)的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田莊；Talks of Travellers旅客談；The Alhambra 阿爾罕伯拉2、James FenimoreCooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫(kù)珀con tributi on:laun chedtwo kinds ofimme nselypopu

27、lar storiesthe sea adve nture tale and the fron tier saga 開(kāi)創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小 說(shuō)體裁，邊疆傳奇小說(shuō)和海上傳奇小說(shuō)。"LeatherstockingTales ”皮襪子故事集，包括"The Deerslayer ”殺鹿者、“ The Last of theMohicans ”最后的莫希干人、“ The Pathfinder ”探路人、“ The Pioneers ”拓荒者、“ The Prairie ”大草原， regard as “ the nearestapproach yet to an Americanep

28、ic. ”被認(rèn)為是迄今為止美國(guó)最接近史詩(shī)的作品。 thecen tralfigureintheno vels,NattyBumppo.小說(shuō)的中心人物,納蒂.班波 Judge Temple:man rema in savagewithoutlaw and orderThe Spy間諜ThePilot領(lǐng)航者The LittlepageManu scripts利特佩奇的手稿3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特poet 詩(shī)人as Irving had show n that America n prose had cone of age, so Bry ant dem

29、on strated toEuropea nreaders that America n poetry was ready to dema nd serious atte ntio n.當(dāng)歐文預(yù)示美國(guó)散文時(shí)代的到來(lái)時(shí)，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實(shí)了美國(guó)的詩(shī)歌達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。He was the firstAmerica n to gain the stature of a major poet.第一個(gè)獲得美國(guó)主要詩(shī)人稱號(hào)的作家?！癟o a Waterfowl ”致水鳥(niǎo)the mostperfectbriefpoem intheIan guage.用美國(guó)英語(yǔ)寫作的最完美的短詩(shī)。4、Edgar All

30、anPoe埃德加.阿倫.坡 show histruetale ntsas aneditor,poet,literarycritic.編輯、詩(shī)人、文學(xué)評(píng)論家。 Graham' s Magaz ine 格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場(chǎng)所） "The Fall of the House of Usher ”鄂謝府崩潰記、“ The Raven”烏鴉thetitlepoem of a collect ion,“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ”述異集firstcollectio n of shortstories.第一部短篇小說(shuō)集。 oftenuse

31、 grotesque or fantastic events.擅長(zhǎng)描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說(shuō)。5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛(ài)默生 be responsiblefor bringing Transcendentalism to New England,是把超驗(yàn)主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。 Emers on believed above all in in dividualism 個(gè)人主義, independenceof mind 思想獨(dú)立, and self-relianee自強(qiáng). 作品：“ Nature ”論自然、“ Essays ”隨筆錄、“ The Americ

32、an Scholar ”美國(guó)學(xué)者，our intellectualDeclaration of Independence.我們知識(shí)分子的獨(dú)立宣言。 his most important works are “ Representative Men ”代表 and “ English Traits ”英國(guó)人、"Poems'詩(shī)集 摘自論自然： Standing on the bare ground, -my headbathedby the blitheair, and uplifted intoinfinitespace, -all meanegotism vani shes.

33、 Ibecome a tran spare nt eyeball.人形的約束沒(méi)有了。6、 HenryDavid Thoreau 亨利.戴維.梭羅 Emers on' s truest disciple. Put in to practice many of Emers on's theories愛(ài)默生最忠實(shí)的信徒，把愛(ài)默生的許多理論付諸于實(shí)踐。 “ In Walden”沃爾登成名作?！?CivilDisobedienee ”平民反抗essay 隨筆。非暴力不合作 教義：I would not have anyone adopt my mode ofliving,each sho

34、uld find out his own way, not his neighbor ' s or hisparents.我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個(gè)都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他 父母的。 7、NathanielHawthorne 納薩尼爾.霍桑backgro und:one of hisancestorswas Judge Hawthorne,who harm a person.曾經(jīng)有個(gè)做法官的祖輩害人?！?The House of the Seven Gables ”七尖角閣房，是霍桑著名神秘小說(shuō)中的一 個(gè)房屋名稱。he reveals the depth

35、 of his concern with the dark side of Purita n ism, the harsh ness and the persecutio ns. 對(duì)清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清 教徒的戒行過(guò)于森嚴(yán)，對(duì)不同信仰人的迫害過(guò)于殘酷。 "Mosses from an Old Manse”古廈青苔、“ The Marble Faun”玉石神像 特點(diǎn)unique gift was for the creationof stronglysymbolic stories whichtouch the deepest roots of man' s mora

36、l n ature.獨(dú)特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過(guò)一些極具象征意義的故事來(lái)觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moralquesti onsappears stron gly in his short stories.短篇小說(shuō)里，通過(guò)活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來(lái)體現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的一些重大道德問(wèn)題。to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time app ear as a moral symbol.杰出之處在

37、于他能把一個(gè)故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 之中來(lái)講述，他書中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時(shí)人們的道德參考。 （課堂筆記提及的） “ The Scarlet Letter ”紅字女主角honest, calmly face fault誠(chéng)實(shí)，坦然的面對(duì)罪過(guò)。弗洛伊德人格理論：Id 本我 t 欲望，只要快樂(lè) t Roger女主角的丈夫 Ego自我 t 分辨對(duì)錯(cuò)，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實(shí)t Hester 女主角 Superego 超我 t t Dim 女主角的情人，牧師女主角的自我成長(zhǎng)和自我救贖的過(guò)程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process "TheScarlet

38、Letter ”analysis 分析：it nota praise of aHestersinning,but a hymn on the moral growthof the woma n whe nsinned aga in st.Young Hesterborders onbeing licentious.Her driveis sexual.Shedoesher bestto keepherhold on themagic cha in huma nity.Herlifeeven tually acquires areal sig ni fica nee whe nshe reest

39、ablishes a meanin gful relati on shipwith her fellowme n Symbolic of her moral developme nt is the gradual imperceptiblecha nge with the scarlet letterun dergoesin meaning. At first it is a tokenof shame,“Adultery ” but thenthe genuinesympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers ' ch

40、a ngesitto“ Able ”.Later inthe story,the letterA appearsinthesky,sig nifyi ng“ An gel”.There isreas on toagree withthecriticalobservati onthat A may representAdamic,or prehistoric,anarchetypalvice suggestiveofCC|origi nalsin, ”Dimmesdale, ontheother hand,bani sheshimselfform society.Deeplypreoccupie

41、d withhimself,helivesastra ngeramong hisadmirers.The resultisthat,whereasHester isable torecon structher lifeand win amoralvictory,Dimmesdaleun dergoesthe tragicexperie neeof physicalandspiritualdis in tegrati on.Betwee n him and Hesterthey point toamoral asHawthorne mayintendthemto do, that the bes

42、t policyfor man isto betrue,hon est, andever readyto show one's worst to the outside world. & Herman Melville赫爾曼.麥爾維爾 “ Moby Dick ”白鯨，a treme ndouschron icleof whali ng voyage in pursuit of a seem in glysupernatural white whale.主要講述了一個(gè)為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長(zhǎng)海上故事。The book is steeped in symbolism.本書達(dá)

43、到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。主人公：Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。在書中說(shuō)：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 寫一部宏大的 著作，必須有一個(gè)宏大的主題。故事人物：Captain Ahab.船長(zhǎng)阿哈比；Queequeg,捕鯨人奎因奎格， was a friendly person :the rebellious struggle ofCapta inAhab aga instthe overwhel ming,mysteriousvast ness of theuni verse and its awesome, sometim

44、es merciless forces. The fittingsymbol for his theme was the“glidinggreat demon of the seas of life. ”阿哈比艦長(zhǎng)和各種危險(xiǎn)之間的激烈斗爭(zhēng)，他同那些強(qiáng)大的、神秘的自然展開(kāi)斗爭(zhēng)，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時(shí)還冷酷無(wú)情。他把那只大 白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。“ Moby Dick ”:one of the major themes in Melville isalie nati on,which he sen sedexisti ng in the life of his time on

45、differe nt levels,betwee n man and man, man and society, and man and nature.CaptainAhab seems to be the bestillustrati onof it all. The voyage itself is ametaphor for “ search and discovery, the search for the ultimatetruth of experienee. ” He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sens e Ahab embodies

46、all of the evil he once con sig ned to Moby Dick.9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費(fèi)羅 poet 詩(shī)人it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importa nee of hisan thology “ The Poets and Poetry of Europe ” . His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day somethingof the possible range o

47、f poetic subject matter and tech niq ues,ancient, medieval, andmodern.歐洲詩(shī)人及詩(shī)不能把這部作品估計(jì)過(guò)高。他自己的詩(shī)歌成為了他教學(xué)的 材料，在書中他講述了詩(shī)的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩(shī) 歌，他都一一作了闡述。 殊榮：he became the onlyAmericanto be honored with a bust in the Poet ' s corner of WestminsterAbbey.朗費(fèi)羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩(shī)人之角，他也是美國(guó)惟一獲此殊榮的詩(shī)人。The gen tl

48、e ness,sweet ness,and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime.他的詩(shī)歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。 he was con siste ntlyhighmin ded butconven ti on al,and un touchedby the religious and socialstruggles that disturbed his con temporaries.他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒(méi)有受到當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)、宗教和各種政治斗爭(zhēng)的影響。 特點(diǎn):Europea n culture t

49、o the U.S America n folk themes abroad and widely tran slated. 在弓 I進(jìn)歐exercised a greatin flue neein bringing., and likewise did much to popularize where his work was imme nsely popular美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 4 （ Realism ）一、Backgro und1）2）3）4）洲文化上起巨大推動(dòng)作用，也把美國(guó)民間文化傳播到國(guó)外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文 字，在海外受到高度評(píng)Mecha ni zatio n機(jī)器化Urba n

50、i zati on城市化In dustrializatio n工業(yè)化Federalgovernme nt（race 種族平等進(jìn)入憲法）標(biāo)志著馬克吐溫的鍍金時(shí)代開(kāi)始5）Railway system工業(yè)化的一大標(biāo)志，電力和石油的應(yīng)用二、文化特征:1）女性發(fā)揮作用明顯，女性的作者和讀者明顯增多2）開(kāi)始關(guān)注Mid classBost on as then ati on'sliterarycen ter.紐約成3）現(xiàn)實(shí)主義（realism ）->New York replaced為新的文化中心。一、時(shí)期綜述:1、鍍金時(shí)代age of excess and extremes, of decl

51、i ne and p and dazzli ngwealth, of gloom and buoya nt hop無(wú)節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進(jìn)步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時(shí)The Gilded Age, anrogress, of povertye.代。2、Although America nscon ti nuedto readHawthor ne, and Poe, the great age nded. By the 1870s the New England 蘭的文藝復(fù)興已開(kāi)始接近尾聲。3、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法： 19世紀(jì)末the works of Amer

52、ica nof Irving, roma nticismRen aissa neehadwaned.Cooper, had e 新英格theliteraryn aturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandeven ts.In stead,theysoughtto describethe wide range ofAmerica n experie neeand toprese ntthe subtletiesofhuman personality,to portraycharacterswhower

53、e lesssimply all good or all bed. 反對(duì)在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件, 關(guān)注人性中的微妙之處。4、Realism :（現(xiàn)實(shí)主義）appeared in theUn itedStates in the literature of local color, anamalgam ofromanticplots and realisticdescriptionsof things wasimmediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義有濃厚的美國(guó)本土特色，是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義描寫相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：美國(guó)風(fēng)味的方言、 風(fēng)俗、各種觀點(diǎn)5、Naturalism :自然主義實(shí)主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派Percepti onPrese ntingomin atedof societys charactersa new and，產(chǎn)生于thedisordersharsher realism, 新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)end of thecen tury十九世紀(jì)末，因?yàn)閷?duì)社會(huì)無(wú)序的感知。of low socialand ec