1、懷念雷納托 杜爾貝特Renato Dulbecco(1914-2012)2Renato Dulbecco (19142012)n2012年2月19日，杜爾貝科在美國拉霍亞市的家中逝世，享年97歲（距離98歲生日僅僅3天），其生前曾工作過的索爾克研究所的同事維爾馬（PNAS現(xiàn)任主編）在Nature雜志上刊登了紀念文章。nVerma I M. Renato Dulbecco（1914-2012）. Nature, 2012, 483（7390）:408.nAuthor informationnSalk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. verm

2、3Renato Dulbecco nRenato Dulbecco, a giant of cancer biology, passed away peacefully on 19 February, just three days shy of his 98th birthday. 4Renato Dulbecco nThrough a decade-long series of experiments that began in the late 1950s first at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

3、 in Pasadena and then at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California he and his co-workers demonstrated that the behaviour of cancer cells could be traced directly to acquired genes.5Renato Dulbecco nSome viruses can integrate their genomes into host cell DNA, inducing uncontrolled cell growth the ha

4、llmark of a cancer cell. nFor these early clues to the genetic origins of cancer, Dulbecco shared the 1975 Nobel prize with the late Howard Temin, his former student, and with David Baltimore, my former mentor.6Renato Dulbecco nBorn in Catanzaro, Italy, on 22 February 1914, Dulbecco grew up during t

5、he First World War and its aftermath with his mother and siblings.nHe entered the University of Turin in 1930 at the age of 16 to study medicine. nHis interests quickly shifted to biology and he became a laboratory assistant for Giuseppe Levi, learning from him the cell-culture techniques that had a

6、 dominant role in Dulbeccos later scientific work.7Giuseppe LevinGiuseppe Levi was an Italian anatomist and histologist, professor of human anatomy at the universities of Sassari, Palermo and Turin.nWhile in Turin, he tutored three students that later became renowned scientists awarded with Nobel pr

7、ize: Salvador Luria, Renato Dulbecco and Rita Levi-Montalcini.8Salvador LurianHe was an Italian microbiologist, later a naturalized American citizen. nHe won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, with Max Delbrck and Alfred Hershey, for their discoveries on the replication mechanism and

8、 the genetic structure of viruses. nHe showed that bacterial resistance to viruses (phages) is genetically inherited.9Rita Levi-MontalcininShe was an Italian developmental neurobiologist who, together with colleague Stanley Cohen, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their dis

9、covery of nerve growth factor (NGF).nAlso, from 2001, until her death, she served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.10Renato Dulbecco nAfter obtaining his doctorate in 1936, Dulbecco was drafted into the Italian army as a physician. nHe was called to action in 1939, at the outset of the Se

10、cond World War, to serve first in France and then in Russia. 11Renato Dulbecco nDisaffected by the war and its consequences, he deserted the army and hid in a small village near Turin, becoming physician to the local partisan units resisting the German occupation. nAfter the end of the war, followin

11、g a short stint as an elected city councillor in Turin in 1945, he returned to scientific research at the University of Turin.12Renato Dulbecco nIn 1946, Luria invited Dulbecco to join his research group at the University of Indiana in Bloomington to work on bacteriophages at the time brought him to

12、 wider attention. nPhage geneticist Max Delbrck invited Dulbecco to join him at Caltech in 1949 as a research fellow.13Max DelbrcknMax Ludwig Henning Delbrck (1906-1981), a GermanAmerican biophysicist, helped launch the molecular biology research program in the late 1930s. nHe stimulated physical sc

13、ientists interest into biology, especially as to basic research to physically explain genes, mysterious at the time. nFormed in 1945 and led by Delbrck along with Salvador Luria and Alfred Hershey, the Phage Group made substantial headway unraveling important aspects of cell physiology. nThe three s

14、hared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.14Renato Dulbecco nDulbecco felt that research into animal viruses would benefit hugely from improved quantitative techniques.n In 1952, he developed t

15、he plaque assay for Western equine encephalomyelitis virus: a system that allowed researchers to determine the number of biologically active viral particles in a sample by counting the number of discrete plaques, or clear spots, where a single virus and its progeny had killed host cells. 15Renato Du

16、lbecco nSoon Dulbecco was joined by Marguerite Vogt, a German migr. Their fruitful collaborations led to quantitative assays for the poliomyelitis virus, a scourge at the time, and later for the polyoma virus a DNA virus that causes many different types of tumours.16Marguerite VogtnMarguerite Vogt (

17、13 February 1913 6 July 2007) was a cancer biologist and virologist.n She was most noted for her research on polio and cancer at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.17Renato Dulbecco nIn 1963, Dulbecco left Caltech to become one of the first fellows of the Salk Institute, founded by Jonas Salk

18、 of polio vaccine fame. nHe and Vogt continued their research collaborations on tumour viruses, definitively proving the essential role of the viral genes in transforming cells into cancer cells. nDuring this highly productive period, Dulbecco trained some of the top virologists in the world.18Jonas

19、 SalknHe was an American medical researcher and virologist. nHe discovered and developed the first successful inactivated polio vaccine. nWhen news of the vaccines success was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a miracle worker and the day almost became a national holiday. nIn 1960, h

20、e founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, which is today a center for medical and scientific research.19Renato Dulbecco nIn 1972, he moved to the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now Cancer Research UK) in London, where he initiated studies of breast cancer a subject

21、 he continued to pursue after moving back to California in 1977. His last scientific paper, published in 2004, identified tumour-initiating cells in rat mammary cancers.20Renato Dulbecco nIn 1988, Dulbecco assumed the presidency of the Salk Institute, following the illness of long-term president Fre

22、deric de Hoffmann, and brought stability during a difficult time.21Frederic de HoffmannnHe was a nuclear physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project. nHe graduated from Harvard in 1944, joined the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in 1970 and served as its president for 18 years. nWhen de Hoff

23、mann retired in 1988 he was named the institutes president emeritus.22calling for HGPDulbecco, R (1986). A turning point in cancer research: Sequencing the human genome. Science 231 (4742): 10556.nHe was a quiet man, yet did not shy away from making bold visionary statements: in a classic 1986 persp

24、ective in Science, he argued that the best way to understand cancer would be to sequence the human cancer genome.23Renato Dulbecco nIn 1992, Dulbecco stepped down from the Salk presidency to organize the Italian contribution to the Human Genome Project. nHe spent a good part of his time in Italy, where h