1、閱讀- 概括大意下面的一篇短文共分五段,每段說(shuō)明一個(gè)主題。其主題可以用一個(gè)或幾個(gè)單詞表示出來(lái),該單詞或詞組是不完整的,即有一個(gè)詞是空出來(lái)的,但其第一個(gè)(或前兩個(gè)字母已經(jīng)給出,請(qǐng)將其余部分補(bǔ)全。Test 1Singapore1. In_ to SingaporeSingapore is an independent city-state in southeastern Asia, consisting of one major island - the Singapore Island and more than 50 small islands, located off the souther

2、n tip of Malay. The city of Singapore, the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island; it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the republic is 640 sq. km.2. L_ and ClimateLow-lying Singapore Island has no

3、 outstanding relief features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 . The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.20 . The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm; the wettest months are November through January.3. State sy_ of SingaporeSingapore

4、 is governed under a constitution of 1959. A president, elected to a four-year term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be elected by Parliament, but by a 1991 constitutional amendment, the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliame

5、nt is the law-making body with its 81 members popularly elected.4. E_ in SingaporeIn the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students. The main institutions of higher education are the National University of Singapore, severa

6、l technical colleges, and a teachers college.5. E_ of SingaporeSingapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at '23.7 billion, or '8,870 per person. The fishing industry is centered on the port of Durin

7、g, on southwestern Singapore Island. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore now produces a diversity of goods, including chemicals, electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc. Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.Test 2Advertisements1. T_ of Advertiseme

8、nt ReadersWhen you see a clever advertisement in a newspaper, do you say to yourself, 'Ah, that's good. I'd like to have one of those'? Or do you say, 'What lies are they telling this time? It can't be very good or they wouldn't have to advertise it so cleverly'? Both

9、 of these people exist: the first are optimists; the second pessimists and realists.2. B_ One May Get From Reading Honest AdvertisementsAdvertisements can be extremely useful if they are honest: if, let us say, you have broken your pen and you want to buy another, the first thing to do is to look at

10、 as many ,advertisements for pens as you can find. That will help you to choose the model, colour and price that suit you. Advertisements save a lot of time and trouble by putting sellers in touch with buyers in a quick and simple way. If the advertisements are true and accurate, the customers will

11、be satisfied and will probably buy from the same firm next time and advise their friends and acquaintances to do the same.3. Tr_ of Dishonest AdvertisersThe really dishonest advertiser hopes to sell his goods quickly and to make a large profit on them before the customers' reactions begin. He kn

12、ows that no customers will buy from him a second time, and that none will recommend his products to their friends. But there are also semi-dishonest advertisers who make claims for their products which they know perfectly well to be incapable of verification (證實(shí), like advertising that a particular s

13、ubstance - which it in fact does - knowing that this substance is in fact neither beneficial nor harmful to the teeth. Such advertisements do not tell downright (直截了當(dāng)?shù)?lies, but their advertising is deliberately misleading.4. F_ of AdvertisingIf there was no advertising, fewer goods would be sold, s

14、o the cost of each article would be higher. The more you advertise, the more cheaply you can afford to sell your products. Advertising also encourages (or forces makers to improve their goods continually. One manufacturer of soap-powder claims that his product does not harm housewives' hands, an

15、d quotes the opinions of prominent doctors to prove this. All other soap-powder manufacturers are forced to make their products harmless too.5. I_ between the Advertiser and the Customer.As advertisers become more and more expert at their work, they appeal to all the human emotions in the effort to

16、increase sales: greed, jealousy, love of a bargain, fear of the disapproval of other people, fear of ill health, the desire to catch a husband, the desire to show off, and many others. But more and more customers are also becoming suspicious of and resistant to high-powered advertising. This is prod

17、ucing, in highly sophisticated countries, a deliberately modest, self-deprecating (自貶的 advertisement that is intended to disarm the customer's suspicions by giving an impression of absolute sincerity (誠(chéng)懇, or even of deliberate understatement.Test 3How Communication with Children Can Be Improved1

18、. L_ to Your Child MoreTo Joe, who lives in Texas, this means not opening his own mouth until his daughter closes hers. "Listen to the end, no matter what you are being told," he says. "If you blow up before listening to the whole story, be ready to apologize."When your child has

19、 finished speaking, repeat for him what he just told you, then ask if that is essentially what he meant. Make sure you understand him before giving advice or taking action.2. Current Changes in Their F_Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much as the

20、ir middle-class supervisors. They seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-class to feel slightly ashamed of their position.3. F_ Changes in Attitudes over the Past 25 Years.Over the last

21、25 years, British society has changed a lot. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about social class-whether a person is of "working-class" or middle-class "-are one area in which changes have been very slow.4. Value Your Ch

22、ild's O_The best parents, we found, know they must persist in certain decisions, no matter how much the kids might disagree. However, decisiveness does not mean ignoring the kids. Allowing them a voice in family issues carries two benefits. Children accept decisions better when they're at le

23、ast consulted, and they also see themselves as a value part of the whole family.5. T_ LessMany parents have learned the hard way that what sounds like open communication is often the very thing that closes a youngster's ears and mouth. One mistake is the lecture, the long monologue(獨(dú)白 that often

24、 starts with "When I was your age ." Eighteen-year-old Kelly calls lectures " long, one-sided discussion in which I don't say much. " Kids shut down in the face of a lecture. They don't register any incoming information.Test 4Women's Rights Movement1. R_ of WomenWomen

25、's rights are guarantees of political, social, and economic equality for women in a society that traditionally gives more power and freedom to men. Among these rights are control of property, equality of opportunity in education and employment, right of voting, and freedom of marriage. Today, co

26、mplete political, economic, and social equality with men remains to be achieved.2. Traditional S_ of WomenMale control was obvious from the time of the earliest written historical records, Probably as a result of men's role in hunting and warfare. The belief that women were naturally weaker and

27、inferior to men was also found in god-centered religions. Therefore, in most traditional societies, women generally were at a disadvantage. Their education was limited to learning domestic skills, and they had no access to positions of power. A woman had no legal control over her person, her own lan

28、d and money, or her children.3. S_ of Women's Rights Movement.The Age of Enlightenment (啟蒙時(shí)期and the Industrial Revolution, which caused *nomic and social progress, provided a favorable climate for the rise of women's rights movement in the late 18th and the 19th century. In 1848 more than 10

29、0 persons held the first women's rights convention in New York, and the feminists (女權(quán)主義者 demanded equal rights, including the vote.4. D_ of womens rightsIn the late 1960s women made up about 40 percent of the work force in England, France, Germany, and the United States. This figure rose to more

30、 than 50 percent by the mid-1980s. A commission under the President was established in 1960 to consider equal opportunities for women. Acts of Congress entitled them to equality in education, employment, and legal rights. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act, initially intended only for blacks, was extended

31、 to women.5. G_ of womens movementThe objectives of the women's movement included equal pay for equal work, federal support for day-care centers, recognition for lesbian (女性同性戀 rights, making abortion (墮胎 legal, and the focus of serious attention on the problems of forced sex relations, wife and

32、 child beating, and discrimination against (歧視 older and minority women.Test 5An Enemy Or a Friend1. D_ Cockroaches(蟑螂Few creatures are as universally disliked as the cockroach. Everybody knows about problem cockroaches - the ones that invade our kitchens, bathrooms, and bedrooms. Not only do they l

33、ook ugly, they also carry disease. More than 40 different disease organisms have been found on these problem cockroaches. In big cities, people usually flight cockroaches.2. S_ of the Cockroaches Coming to the United StatesNone of these trouble-makers are native to North America. Some came to the Un

34、ited States centuries ago on ships from African and Asian ports, at least one, the brown-banded cockroach, might have gotten a free ride in the luggage of soldiers returning from World War II in the Pacific area.3. H_ CockroachesHowever, not all the species (種類 of cockroaches are trouble-makers. Of

35、the 3,500 cockroach species known to science, only 50 are considered problem ones. Most of the other species are helpful ones. Most of them live in tropics, in thick forests, and in lowland swamps. One study of cockroaches in the Amazon basin showed that theinsects can consume nearly 6 percent of th

36、e yearly leaf fall. As they digest dead leaves, the cockroaches produce wastes that return nitrogen and nutrients (營(yíng)養(yǎng)物 stored in the leaves to the surrounding environment. The nitrogen and nutrients help fertilize the region's poor soils, enabling new plants to grow.4. Cockroaches as F_In the tr

37、opics, cockroaches are major food sources for many kinds of animals, including some humans who consider cockroaches nutritious. One scientist says that cockroaches are nearly three times as protein-rich (蛋白質(zhì)豐富的 as chicken and other, kinds of meat.5. The N_ of Different Species of Cockroaches.As inte

38、rest in tropical biology continues to grow, more scientists are studying cockroaches and the many roles they fill in nature. Of the 3,500 different species of cockroaches that have been found so far, how many are helpful and how many are problem ones' Our current figure shows that the helpful sp

39、ecies of cockroaches are 140 times those of the trouble-maker ones.Test 6Psychology1. D_ of PsychologyPsychology is a scientific study of behavior and experience - that is, the study of how human beings and animals sense, think, learn, and know. Modern psychology is devoted to collecting facts about

40、 behavior and experience and systematically organizing such facts into psychological theories. These theories aid in understanding and explaining people's behavior and sometimes in predicting and influencing their future behavior.2. V_ Applications of PsychologyPsychology can be applied to probl

41、ems in every area of society. For example, it can be applied to industry, schools and hospitals. Thus, psychologists consult with organization as different as courts of law and large business firms.3. I_ PsychologyPsychologists in industry server many roles. In the personnel office, they assist in h

42、iring through testing and interviewing, in developing training programs, in evaluating employees, and in maintaining good employee relations and communications. Some psychologists do research for marketing and advertising departments. Others work in the field of human engineering, which involves des

43、igning machines and workplaces to make them more suitable for people.4. E_ PsychologyPsychologists in the educational system give most of their attention to counseling and guidance. They help students plan their school and work careers. Educational psychologists deal with the processes of teaching a

44、nd learning; for example, they may investigate new methods of teaching children how to read or to do mathematics, in order to make classroom learning more effective.5. Psychological and O_ TreatmentsMany applied psychologists work in hospitals, clinics, and private practice, providing treatment to p

45、eople who need psychological help. By testing and interviewing, they classify their patients and engage in all forms of treatment that are not exclusively medical, such as drug treatment and surgery.Test 7Diamond1. I_ to DiamondsA diamond is the hardest substance known that occurs in nature. It is a

46、lso one of the most valuable and enduring substances. Diamonds are crystalline form of carbon. Diamonds may vary in color from white or nearly colorless to green, brown, yellow, pink and sometimes black. The color is caused by impurities.2. Where Diamonds Are F_Diamonds are believed to have been fir

47、st discovered in stream beds in India. India, however, produces few diamonds today. Russia supplies about 16% of the world's diamonds. South America, especially Brazil, is also an important source of diamonds.3. F_ DiamondsThere are hundreds of well-known diamonds, each with an interesting histo

48、ry. Many diamonds are the property of royalty or governments. The largest cut diamond in existence was once part of the Cullinan, a stone that weighed 3,106 carats(克拉. The Cullinan was purchased by the Government of South Africa and presented to King Edward of Britain.4. Diamonds Used in I_Diamonds

49、used in factories include stones that are not of gem quality. Such diamonds are used to cut, grind and bore very hard materials. Sometimes whole rough diamonds are set into tools. Other times the diamonds are crushed, mixed with a binder, and baked on to a tool surface.5. A_ DiamondsThere is not a l

50、arge enough supply of natural diamonds to meet the needs of industry. For this reason, industry depends on man-made diamonds. The first man-made diamonds were produced in 1955 by scientists at the General Electric Research Laboratory. Tiny diamonds, no larger than a grain of sand, were made by subje

51、cting carbon to extremely high pressure and temperatures.Test 7Drug Abuse1. D_The term "drug abuse" most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse

52、 the drugs they took, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs.2. C_ of Psychoactive DrugsPharmacologists, who study the effects of drugs, classify psychoactive drugs according to what they do to those who take them. Drugs that speed up signals passing through the nervous system

53、, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and produce alertness and arousal and, in higher doses, excitability, and inhibit fatigue and sleep, are called stimulants. Drugs that retard, slow down, or depress signals passing through the central nervous system and produce relaxation, a lowering

54、of anxiety, and, at higher doses, drowsiness and sleep, are called depressants. One distinct kind of depressants are those which dull the mind's perception of pain and in medicine are used as painkillers, or analgesic. These drugs called narcotics.3. P_ of Drug AbuseIt is not always easy to dete

55、rmine exactly when simple drug use becomes abuse. Thus it is far easier to study who uses illegal psychoactive drugs than it is to study who abuses them. When researchers describe patterns of drug abuse, then, they usually describe the more general phenomenon of drug use whether it leads to abuse or

56、 not.4. Drug T_ in the WorkplaceDrinking on the job is a social and economic problem with a long history. With the growing popularity of illegal drugs in the 1960s and 1970s, it was to be expected that their use in the workplace would emerge as a major issue by the 1980s. Estimates of employee drug

57、use vary greatly, ranging from 10 percent to 25 percent for the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the job.5. T_From the 1920s until the 1960s, treatment of drug abuse in the United States was practically nonexistent. During this period many officials did not believe that treatment

58、was effective or necessary. Drug abusers and sellers were simply arrested and imprisoned, thereby discouraging use. The dramatic explosion in the use and abuse of a widerange of different drugs during the 1960s demonstrated the weakness of this theory. As a result, two treatment programs were develo

59、ped during the 1960s.Test 8Paris1. St_Paris, the capital and the largest city of the country, is in north central France. The Paris metropolitan area contains nearly 20% of the nation's population and is the economic, cultural, and political center of France. The French governments have historically favored the city as the site for all deci