1、Hello, 大家好，today, we are going to discuss在托福閱讀中關(guān)于應(yīng)試的一些無(wú)恥技巧。As far as I am concerned, 托福閱讀想拿高分需要在兩方面加強(qiáng)，F(xiàn)irst，內(nèi)力的修煉，which are 詞匯and 語(yǔ)法。對(duì)一個(gè)單詞的掌握又分為兩個(gè)方面，on the one hand, 詞匯量，認(rèn)識(shí)詞匯的多少；on the other hand, 對(duì)詞匯的熟悉程度。很多同學(xué)往往忽視了對(duì)詞匯的熟悉程度而片面的追求詞匯量，大家一定都有過(guò)這種經(jīng)歷，一個(gè)單詞你看三四秒才想起來(lái)什么意思，那么not only 耽誤做題時(shí)間，but also 讓你的思路不斷停滯，

2、讓你心情煩躁，最終結(jié)果就是做錯(cuò)題，所以，單詞這一關(guān)，誰(shuí)也逃不過(guò)，一定要大量多次的看，反復(fù)記憶，最終把詞匯量和熟悉度都搞上去。對(duì)于語(yǔ)法，具體到閱讀里面就是長(zhǎng)句了，因?yàn)榭傆型瑢W(xué)在群里問(wèn)，我就簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)一下，如果讓我們翻譯一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，那么一下幾個(gè)步驟For example，the translation of this sentence，小明，however，despite of 他父母反對(duì)，deeply愛著小紅，who is 美麗漂亮可愛大方。Step 1 找主干，每個(gè)句子都只有一套主謂賓有沒有！你不能在一個(gè)句子里面找到兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)有沒有！so，拿過(guò)來(lái)一個(gè)句子，先挑主干，把主謂賓找出來(lái)就大概

3、知道意思了。上面那句話的主干就是小明愛著小紅，注意 沒有deeply，deeply是副詞作狀語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)不能做主謂賓有沒有！Step2 確定其他部分的成分，however，放在主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)之間，可以拿到句首，它表示的是前后兩句的轉(zhuǎn)折，注意，前后兩句，所以在本句中，它的地位很低，放在句首翻譯成但是就ok了。Despite of 他父母的反對(duì)，插入語(yǔ)，deeply副詞作狀語(yǔ)，who is 定語(yǔ)，前置即可。Step3 把確定好的部分，塞進(jìn)句子中，然后讀一讀你寫的中文，是不是大家能看懂的中文，再進(jìn)行整理。這句話的翻譯就是 但是，小明不顧他父母的反對(duì)，深愛著美麗漂亮可愛大方的小紅！What I have dis

4、cussed above 就是翻譯句子的流程，而當(dāng)我們作閱讀中讀長(zhǎng)句的時(shí)候，沒必要這么細(xì)致這么復(fù)雜，因?yàn)闆]有人要你英譯漢，托福閱讀考查的就是我們能否抓取文章信息的能力，700字的文章14道題，還有好幾個(gè)詞匯題，那么分給文章的題只有大約十個(gè)，所以它不可能考的很細(xì)致，有同學(xué)說(shuō)那不是很多細(xì)節(jié)題么，你仔細(xì)想想細(xì)節(jié)題一般也都存在于每段的中心論點(diǎn)里面，在例子支持信息中也有，但是很少，所以我們要練就的是抓重點(diǎn)信息的能力。到每個(gè)句子中也是一樣的，抓出句子主干即可，如果考了你再去看其他成分。什么成分是我們可以在讀句子的時(shí)候忽視的呢，以下幾個(gè)1.同位語(yǔ)，既然是同位語(yǔ)，那么它一定和它之前的名詞是同等地位的，它是去具

5、體的解釋那個(gè)名詞，所以，沒有必要讀，考了你再回來(lái)看，不考就無(wú)視掉，一般是不考。2.插入語(yǔ)，都說(shuō)是插入語(yǔ)了，那些什么to some degree之類的，本身就是可有可無(wú)的東西。3.定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句通常是考點(diǎn)，但是讀句子的時(shí)候可以忽略掉，定語(yǔ)從句的性質(zhì)相當(dāng)于形容詞，形容詞一定不是關(guān)鍵信息，她是個(gè)女人，她是個(gè)美麗的女人，最終關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)都是說(shuō)她是個(gè)女人。定從如果考到了你再回來(lái)讀即可，從句的考法有時(shí)間我再說(shuō)！4.狀語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)快點(diǎn)看，作狀語(yǔ)，本身也不是關(guān)鍵信息，我愛她，我很愛她，其實(shí)都是我愛她。5.有關(guān)名詞的一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)化  下面的a全是名詞, 這些結(jié)構(gòu)是我在金鑫老師那里偷的藝，盜

6、亦有道，我得給金鑫老師署名呵呵。a1 a2 a3，挑一個(gè)讀就行了，a1 of a2 of a3，a1是核心，a1后面的可以不看了a1 or a2; a1 and a2, 讀一個(gè)就行a such as b c d；such a as b,c,d. such as本身就是舉例，舉例就是為了解釋說(shuō)明，所以，bcd可以不看了，however，如果a你沒看懂，那么bcd里面挑一個(gè)你會(huì)的，它等價(jià)于a.有的同學(xué)說(shuō)abcd我都不懂，那么，再見！More than，more than所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是more之后的部分，不是than之后的，所以than之后的不讀！還有幾個(gè)類似more than的，In additio

7、n to ，It is not just，Rather than，Although/while，以上表示的都是否定意思，而不，盡管這類的，所以他們后跟著的部分可以不讀，只讀“，”逗號(hào)之后的，for example, it is not just小強(qiáng)愛著小紅，小明也愛小紅。這句要表達(dá)的就是小明愛小紅，之前關(guān)于小強(qiáng)的只是鋪墊。以上的方法是告訴大家如何讀句子如何最快最準(zhǔn)確的抓取我們要的有用的信息。再說(shuō)一下and的用法，這個(gè)貌似給很多同學(xué)造成了困惑，遇到and+某某某的時(shí)候，找and前面與某某某相同詞性的詞，注意，詞性！如果是介詞，找之前一樣的介詞。注意，一樣的介詞，on 找on ，of找of。舉例

8、the result is a remarkable unbroken record of1 temperature and of2atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. 先翻譯一下我再分析，結(jié)果是一個(gè)不同尋常的完整的有關(guān)溫度和co2大氣強(qiáng)度的記錄。And of2 atomspheric ，and后面是介詞of2，去前面找of1，of1前面是record，所以of2也是屬于record的的，那么這句話就是the result is a remarkable unbroken record of1 temperature and record of2atmos

9、pheric levels of carbon dioxide. As well as 等于and，讀句子的時(shí)候看著不順眼就把它換回and。上面我大概說(shuō)了一下有關(guān)內(nèi)力的修煉的問(wèn)題，有些具體的東西我以后慢慢講吧，下面進(jìn)入大家最關(guān)心的部分，外力如何加強(qiáng)！內(nèi)力修煉的差不多了，或者差很多但是即將考試了，沒關(guān)系，我們練外力，練招式，練技巧，把自己有限的內(nèi)功最大化。先提醒一點(diǎn)，招式也是建立在內(nèi)功有了一定修為的基礎(chǔ)上的，內(nèi)力不夠，直接練招式，就會(huì)走火入魔。句子都讀不懂呢，何談技巧啊。所以說(shuō)，不要想著投機(jī)取巧，這不過(guò)是錦上添花的東西！TYPE 1 細(xì)節(jié)題這類題在考試中的比重最大，也是最容易拿分的，既然都已經(jīng)說(shuō)

10、了是細(xì)節(jié)題，那么考點(diǎn)是文章的細(xì)節(jié)中，而不是有關(guān)全文的，所以說(shuō)，我們讀懂一段中的一小部分就可以做題了。一般是這幾種問(wèn)法：1.     According to the passage，？” 2.     It is stated in paragraph X3.     It is indicated in paragraph X4.     It is mentioned in paragraph X這類題的本質(zhì)就是同意轉(zhuǎn)述，做題流程，

11、1 讀題，抓取關(guān)鍵字2 用關(guān)鍵字回原文定位，找到定位句（不一定是一句，有可能是一兩句）。還有一個(gè)方法能幫助我們定位，題目的順序和文章的順序是一致的，所以前后題的位置可以幫助我們找定位句，但是這個(gè)在考試的時(shí)候作用不大，因?yàn)榭荚嚱缑媸敲看沃怀霈F(xiàn)一道題。3 讀明白那句話4 回頭看選項(xiàng)，選出和那句話同意義的句子。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：1原文中沒提到的 2與原文相反的 3定位句之外的。前兩種比較常見這類題一般都是直接選擇，我看到有些同學(xué)喜歡用排除法，我個(gè)人建議，這種題沒必要用排除法，第一浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，人家看完了A直接選了，你看完ABCD，把原文忘了再回頭找，人家都做到第三題了！第二 它的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)本身就胡編亂造的，

12、基本都和正確選項(xiàng)完全不沾邊，看它沒什么意義甚至?xí)`導(dǎo)你。針對(duì)上面列出的做題流程我一步一步講解，就拿我們昨天做過(guò)的文章舉例Paragraph 1：In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among the key factors behind thi

13、s growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.1. According to paragraph 1, what was true of Europe during the medieval period? Agricultural productivity declined. There was relatively little economic growth. The general level of prosperity declined. Foreign trade began

14、to play an important role in the economy.1先讀題，抓取關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞一定是名詞，為什么？因?yàn)槊~可以作主賓語(yǔ)，形容詞，副詞起的永遠(yuǎn)是修飾作用，但是是不是就不看了呢，也不是，我說(shuō)的是把名詞當(dāng)成關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，可沒說(shuō)只看它，定語(yǔ)或者狀語(yǔ)是幫助我們定位的。對(duì)于這道題，關(guān)鍵詞就是Europe，然后看一下后面的狀語(yǔ)，是在medieval period2 用找到的關(guān)鍵詞找定位句，有同學(xué)說(shuō)第一句，我說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)確，第一句的后半句，In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth是狀語(yǔ)，我前面說(shuō)了，狀語(yǔ)快點(diǎn)看！定位句就是E

15、urope continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period3下面就是看懂定位句了，回到了我們所說(shuō)的內(nèi)力的修煉，讀句子的能力，分析一下這句話，that引導(dǎo)的是growth的定語(yǔ)從句，發(fā)展讓歐洲脫離了十分貧瘠的歐洲中世紀(jì)時(shí)期，說(shuō)明中世紀(jì)的Europe是十分貧瘠的，下面進(jìn)入第四步4 信息我們已經(jīng)拿到手了，回頭看選項(xiàng)吧，A選項(xiàng)Agricultural productivity第一不在定位句中，第二第二句里面人家也沒說(shuō)declineB 選項(xiàng) relatively l

16、ittle economic growth就是the relatively less prosperous的同意轉(zhuǎn)述，所以它是對(duì)的做題做到這就ok了，要對(duì)自己有信心，不要總覺得自己選的不對(duì)，忐忑著繼續(xù)看其它選項(xiàng)，為了讓大家熟悉題型和思路，我繼續(xù)分析其他兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)C選項(xiàng) 還是原文沒有的，根本沒提過(guò)declineD選項(xiàng) 看到Foreign trade就可以不往下看了，明顯的原文沒提到的！注：讀選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候同樣注意名詞，道理和我們從question中選擇關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)是一樣的。再給個(gè)例子，還是昨天作業(yè)里面的，Paragraph 2：Populations cannot grow unless the rural

17、 economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the most sp

18、ectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than 36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.3. According to paragraph 2, one effect of the desire to increase food production was that land was cultivated in a different way more farmers were needed the rural economy was weakened

19、 forests and wetlands were used for farming解析：細(xì)節(jié)題，關(guān)鍵詞:effect,結(jié)果， increase food production.定位句：Populations cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests an

20、d fens (low-lying wetlands).第一句說(shuō)的是increase food production的原因，第二句才是effect。farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands).直接選D 。AB都是文章沒提的。C是與文章相反的，ruraleconomy并沒有weakened以上就是做細(xì)節(jié)題的一般流程和思路，這些都很正統(tǒng)，并不無(wú)恥，下面教大家的是如何投機(jī)取巧，利用文章本身給出的條件快速做題。先提醒一下，無(wú)恥技巧只是錦上添花的，而不

21、是主菜，超過(guò)百分之八十的題還是要用上面的思路做！無(wú)恥技巧1： 帶程度副詞的，比如only well clearly往往都是錯(cuò)的，這種選項(xiàng)往往很有迷惑性，因?yàn)樗此剖峭x轉(zhuǎn)述，實(shí)際確擴(kuò)大或縮小了詞義（說(shuō)的好抽象 呵呵）比如原文說(shuō)，我打了他，選項(xiàng)：I hit him severely，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)一定是錯(cuò)的，人家有沒說(shuō)怎么打的，又沒說(shuō)經(jīng)脈盡斷，你為什么要主觀臆斷他狠狠的打了呢？！這個(gè)不僅僅適用于細(xì)節(jié)題，還適用于推斷題，講推斷題的時(shí)候我給大家舉個(gè)例子。無(wú)恥技巧2：類似于程度副詞，一般有more than或者比較級(jí)的都是錯(cuò)的，原文沒有比較，你不能自己給人家比較，比如說(shuō)她很美，選項(xiàng)是她比楊冪美，（楊冪是我最

22、喜歡的女明星哈），那么這個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是錯(cuò)的。哪怕是對(duì)的，我也不會(huì)選，因?yàn)樵谖倚闹?，楊冪是最美?呵呵！無(wú)恥技巧3：敏感于數(shù)字，當(dāng)定位句中有數(shù)字的時(shí)候，數(shù)字之間的比較就是考點(diǎn)。For example：Paragraph 9: The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C(45°F) can maintain a core temperature

23、 of over 25°C(77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak p

24、erformance of these critical organs. 10. According to paragraph 9, which of the following is true of bluefin tunas? Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish. Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature. They can swim in waters that are muc

25、h colder than their own bodies. They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain. 解析：第一步先找關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞是bluefin tunas，這兩個(gè)詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，沒關(guān)系，到現(xiàn)在我都不認(rèn)識(shí)，直接換成BT就可以了，    第二步回去找定位句，在第二句中首次出現(xiàn)了BT，并且出現(xiàn)了兩組數(shù)字，那么這兩組數(shù)字的比較就是考點(diǎn)。    第三步，讀明白這句話，在7°水中的BT可以有一個(gè)超過(guò)25°的核心溫度。 

26、60;  第四步，看選項(xiàng)吧，A選項(xiàng)，就是我剛說(shuō)完的無(wú)恥技巧2，more than是錯(cuò)的，原文是說(shuō)了eyes and brain，也給了很高的評(píng)價(jià)，說(shuō)maintaining peak performance of these critical organs. 但是卻沒有和其它生物比較，所以它是錯(cuò)的。B選項(xiàng)，無(wú)恥技巧1出現(xiàn)了，greatly，誰(shuí)告訴你greatly了？！即使你不會(huì)這個(gè)技巧，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)本身就是與原文相反的，它們的能力是在不同的水溫中保持穩(wěn)定的體溫，而不是change。C選項(xiàng)，無(wú)恥技巧3，數(shù)字的比較，7°的水 和25°的體溫，就是in waters that

27、 are much colder than their own bodies.D選項(xiàng)，我之前說(shuō)的細(xì)節(jié)題選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤特征里面的第三種，比較有迷惑性的，原文有，但是不在定位句之內(nèi)，關(guān)鍵詞是bluefin tunas，D選項(xiàng)說(shuō)的是The billfishes，考點(diǎn)信息之外。無(wú)恥技巧4：這個(gè)算不上無(wú)恥技巧，正常的思路吧，原文說(shuō)A和B不同，B有C特征，那么答案是A沒有C特征。這種題比較考讀長(zhǎng)句的能力，通常形式是 A differ from B，which（B的定語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明B的特征C）或是unlike A，B怎么怎么有C的特征，e.g.Paragraph 4: With the advent of pro

28、jection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass consumption. Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hun

29、dred spectators at a time. But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.6. According to paragra

30、ph 4, how did the early movies differ from previous spectacles that were presented to large audiences?They were a more expensive form of entertainment.They were viewed by larger audiences.They were more educational.They did not require live entertainers.第一步，還有找關(guān)鍵詞early movies和previous spectacles，你要注

31、意了，early movies就是上面說(shuō)的A，previous spectacles就是B，那么尋找B的特征就ok了。第二步，找定位句吧，我說(shuō)了無(wú)非兩種 一個(gè)differ from的 一個(gè)unlike的，很容易找到了But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement

32、of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.第三步，分析，But the movies（A） differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment（B）, which（定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)出B的特征）depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies

33、who assembled the final program.Or后面的成分，我之前說(shuō)過(guò) a1ora2讀一個(gè)即可，所以，后面很長(zhǎng)很鬧心的部分，不讀了！第四步，ABC我們都找到了，回頭看選項(xiàng)吧，選項(xiàng)A 原文沒提的選項(xiàng)B 無(wú)恥技巧2 不能比較選項(xiàng)C 還有原文沒提的選項(xiàng)D did not require live entertainers.不就是沒有B的depended on either live performance的特征么 細(xì)節(jié)題的總結(jié)到此為止，技巧的東西要活學(xué)活用，自己先看看理解了，然后運(yùn)用到做題中變成你自己的，做題的時(shí)候要不以對(duì)喜，不以錯(cuò)悲，給你篇阿拉伯語(yǔ)的閱讀按照幾率亂選你也能對(duì)三四

34、個(gè)，所以，每道題都要認(rèn)真反思，弄清楚出題思路和選項(xiàng)設(shè)置，這樣才能有提高！不然就陷入了the more you 作，the more you 錯(cuò)的痛苦深淵！Type2 Not/Except型這類題與細(xì)節(jié)題關(guān)系比較緊密，它的正確選項(xiàng)有兩種，一種是未被原文提及的，一種是與原文相反的，我們r(jià)eview一下細(xì)節(jié)題錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征：1 原文中沒有的2與原文相反的3考點(diǎn)信息之外的。大家看到了，Not Except的題就是選擇細(xì)節(jié)題的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的前兩類。所以說(shuō)，它的本質(zhì)還是細(xì)節(jié)題，你可以把它當(dāng)成有三個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)的細(xì)節(jié)題來(lái)完成。先說(shuō)第一種：未被原文提及的，這類的選項(xiàng)一般都是名詞，而且正確的那三個(gè)在文中很集中，一般用逗號(hào)

35、 或是and連接。對(duì)于這類題，我建議大家先看一下選項(xiàng)，幫助我們定位，找到三個(gè)正確的，原文沒提及的那個(gè)就選出來(lái)了。For example,In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished.These are the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nevous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and per

36、ipheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term“autonomic nervous system”refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glandsQuestion:all of the following are described as being contr

37、olled by the autonomic nervous system ExceptA connective tissueB cardiac muscleC glandular activityD smooth muscle第一步，找題目中的關(guān)鍵詞controlled by the autonomic nervous system第二步，找定位句，autonomic nervous system出現(xiàn)在最后一句，這句就是定位句第三步，分析這個(gè)句子吧，regulate就是control的意思，它后面的the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle,

38、and many glands，就是B C D選項(xiàng)可能會(huì)有同學(xué)糾結(jié)C選項(xiàng)，glandular activity這就是我前面說(shuō)過(guò)的and用法，glands是名詞，找前面相同詞性的詞，是muscle，activity of cardiac muscle，所以把那個(gè)句子填充完整就是regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, the activity of smooth muscle, and the activity of many glands，這樣這一道題就完成了。我說(shuō)一下有些同學(xué)作這種題的不好習(xí)慣，就是上來(lái)不讀題直接看選項(xiàng)，然后回去找，找到了三個(gè)之后，選擇

39、那個(gè)你沒找到的。是，我剛才說(shuō)了可以看看選項(xiàng)幫助定位，但是注意，我說(shuō)的是幫助定位，找定位句還是需要通過(guò)問(wèn)題里面的關(guān)鍵詞。用找選項(xiàng)的方法做題，第一浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，第二，你能保證自己不漏掉某些細(xì)節(jié)么？有沒有找到了兩個(gè)再重新找一次的情況呢？所以說(shuō)，還有要用細(xì)節(jié)題的方式找好定位句，然后再去做題。先看選項(xiàng)只是輔助。再說(shuō)另一種：是原文觀點(diǎn)矛盾的，以以下三個(gè)形式出現(xiàn)1原文+not2反義句3rather/other/without 后面的部分相對(duì)于第一種，這類的題的難度稍稍增加了，第一它的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)比較分散，沒第一種那么好找，第二它的選項(xiàng)往往是原文提過(guò)的，但是加了否定詞或者本身在原文就是否定。所以這類題要更難一些。沒關(guān)

40、系，只要牢記上面的三個(gè)形式，尋找這三個(gè)形式就ok了Paragraph 9: The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The wa

41、ter evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil. 9. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPT Soil erosion Global warming Insufficient irrigation The raising o

42、f livestock 第一步：抓關(guān)鍵詞， contributing to desertification，contribution翻譯成原因就行了第二步：找定位句，cause of desertification就是原因，所以第一句是定位句。第三步：分析定位句，The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation ，over irrigation,看到這我們可以選了，C選項(xiàng)Insufficient irrigation，明顯的第二種形式，反義句。Ty

43、pe 3推斷題問(wèn)題形式：question中帶有infer imply likely。這類題個(gè)人感覺是難點(diǎn)，我自己也糾結(jié)了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間. 首先說(shuō)一下這類題的出題思路吧，第一種：最簡(jiǎn)單的，相當(dāng)于比較難的細(xì)節(jié)題，不是細(xì)節(jié)題那種直接通過(guò)同義轉(zhuǎn)述解題，而且稍稍繞一點(diǎn)，比如原文說(shuō)two or three weeks，選項(xiàng)就是a few weeks. 原文說(shuō) some of選項(xiàng)是not all.第二種：不被明確表述的，原文是A>BB>C, 答案應(yīng)該是A>C, 這類題容易錯(cuò)選A>D,which is 自己主觀YY出的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)第三種：最難的，原文說(shuō)A>BB>C選項(xiàng)1, A>

44、E選項(xiàng)2，A>D選項(xiàng)3，B>A選項(xiàng)4，C>A正確選項(xiàng)是第一個(gè)，A>E隱含在A>C中，有同學(xué)說(shuō)那怎么辦，怎么辦，排除啊！所以，對(duì)于推斷題，我糾結(jié)很久最后的答案就是，只要是推斷題就用排除法選擇，這類題的定位句一般是兩三句甚至是一段，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)設(shè)置于細(xì)節(jié)題差不多，原文沒提的那種比較常見。這種題也是我唯一一個(gè)推崇排除法的題型。看例子.Along with markets days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days h

45、ad been discontinued in other colonial cities.The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in Philadelphia.Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example,were popular items.It can be infered that the author mentions“Linens and stockings”to show tha

46、t they were items thatA retail merchants were not willing to sellBwere not available in the stores in PhiladelphiaC were more popular in Germantown than in PhiladelphiaD could easily be transported第一步還是找關(guān)鍵詞，Linens and stockings第二步找定位句，最后一句，.Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example,were popu

47、lar items. For example提到句首，這里介紹一個(gè)重要原則：看到for example往前讀觀點(diǎn)信息。我解釋一下，for example,例子是支持信息，支持前面的觀點(diǎn)，所以例子本身并不重要，它支持哪一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)？觀點(diǎn)是什么？這些才是重要的，所以要往前讀找觀點(diǎn)信息。這個(gè)原則在修飾目的題中尤為重要?；氐轿覀冞@道題，往前讀，The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in Philadelphia。集市提供了一個(gè)引進(jìn)手工制品的方法，這些手工制品

48、來(lái)自偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，買到P地的欲購(gòu)者手中。第三步，挨個(gè)看選項(xiàng)，A retail merchants原文根本沒提排除B 在P地是不可得到的，文章說(shuō)在P地很流行，是與原文觀點(diǎn)相反的選項(xiàng)，那么它也是錯(cuò)的Cmore than 我不知道你們現(xiàn)在是否有了感覺，排除有more than的選項(xiàng)有的同學(xué)排除了ABC之后狂喜，看都不看D就選了，自習(xí)看看D，be transported，也是原文沒有的！這就給大家提個(gè)醒，對(duì)于推斷題，不管你之前排除了幾個(gè)，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都要一直對(duì)待，挨個(gè)分析，切莫排除了ABC選項(xiàng)選D，因?yàn)槟憧赡芘懦e(cuò)了。AD是原文沒提的，C是more than這些一定是錯(cuò)的，那么再看B，你是否可以把它理解成在P

49、地本身是沒有的，是引進(jìn)的而來(lái)的，所以可以說(shuō) not available呢？看看原文，L and S，是來(lái)自德國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村的，在P地很流行。所以說(shuō)它本身在p地沒有是很合理的解釋。也就是我剛才所說(shuō)，最難的題，A>E大家請(qǐng)放心，考試遇到這種題的概率微乎其微，我為什么要選這么變態(tài)的一道題呢？就是讓大家好好理解下推斷題的排除思路，弄明白這個(gè)，那種類似細(xì)節(jié)題的和稍稍有點(diǎn)難度的，都不在話下了！TYPE 4修飾目的題Question：帶有the author mentions, 作者提到某單詞或某句話的目的是什么？那一部分會(huì)加深背景，標(biāo)記上這類題題分兩種情況First，提到的部分是例子，或者細(xì)節(jié)信息，通常有

50、For example， such as這些詞，在上一個(gè)題型中，我提到了，如果有舉例的話要往前讀，找到它支持的觀點(diǎn)。答案就是為了支持這個(gè)例子所支持的觀點(diǎn)。比如說(shuō)：我對(duì)她很好。我每個(gè)月工資都給她。問(wèn)題：why does the author mentions 我每個(gè)月工資都給她?答案：to support the idea that 我對(duì)她很好。以上是正常的解題思路，下面請(qǐng)看無(wú)恥技巧5：當(dāng)原文中被標(biāo)記的部分在such as或for example之后，帶有 provide example of 的選項(xiàng)，基本是正確的看具體的例子：Paragraph 2: Sensitivity to physic

51、al laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of ph

52、ysics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress.

53、 Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, br

54、onze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this d

55、evice was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze). 6. Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses

56、created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance? To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that a fine artist must overcome To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems re

57、lated to the laws of physics To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology 這類題不用找關(guān)鍵詞了，直接給你了，也不用自己找定位句了，文章標(biāo)記了。直接讀定位句，F(xiàn)or example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof運(yùn)用無(wú)恥技巧，直接選擇A。正常做題，

58、for example 讀前一句，these are problems that我之間講過(guò)定從不用讀，只讀觀點(diǎn)。觀點(diǎn)就是這些是問(wèn)題。所以選擇ASecond，第二種類型，標(biāo)記的部分本身就是觀點(diǎn)，那么找同義轉(zhuǎn)述即可，類似細(xì)節(jié)題。Second，第二種類型，標(biāo)記的部分本身就是觀點(diǎn)，那么找同義轉(zhuǎn)述即可，類似細(xì)節(jié)題。Eg:Tools themselves can be revealing. Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the

59、signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the Ice Age rope found in the French c