1、Biomass co-firing options on the emission reduction and electricity generation costs in coal-fired power plants生物質(zhì)混燒方案的減排和燃煤發(fā)電廠的發(fā)電成本AbstractCo-firing offers a near-term solution for reducing CO2 emissions from conventional fossil fuel power plants. 混燒提供了減少傳統(tǒng)化石燃料發(fā)電廠二氧化碳排放量的短期解決方案。Viable alternatives

2、to long-term CO2 reduction technologies such as CO2 sequestration, oxy-firing and carbon loop combustion are being discussed, but all of them remain in the early to mid stages of development. Co-firing, 可行的替代了長期的二氧化碳減排技術(shù)，如二氧化碳封存，氧燃燒和碳循環(huán)燃燒正在討論之中，但他們都只停留在早期到中期的發(fā)展階段。on the other hand, is a well-proven

3、technology and is in regular use though does not eliminate CO2 emissions entirely.另一方面，混燒是一個(gè)久經(jīng)考驗(yàn)的技術(shù)，雖然沒有完全消除二氧化碳排放，但是這種技術(shù)經(jīng)常被使用。An incremental gain in CO2 reduction can be achieved by immediate implementation of biomass co-firing in nearly all coal-fired power plants with minimum modifications and mo

4、derate investment, making co-firing a near-term solution for the greenhouse gas emission problem.在幾乎所有的最低修改和適度投資的燃煤電廠，二氧化碳減排量的增益可以通過 生物質(zhì)混燒立即見效，這使得混燒成了溫室氣體排放問題的短期解決方案。If a majority of coal-fired boilers operating around the world adopt co-firing systems, the total reduction in CO2 emissions would be

5、substantial. 如果世界各地大多數(shù)鍋爐燃燒運(yùn)行都采取混燒系統(tǒng)，二氧化碳減排量將是巨大的。It is the most efficient means of power generation from biomass, and it thus offers CO2 avoidance cost lower than that for CO2 sequestration from existing power plants.它是從生物質(zhì)方面考慮發(fā)電的最有效手段，而這也意味著二氧化碳避免成本低于現(xiàn)有的發(fā)電廠的二氧化碳封存。The present analysis examines seve

6、ral co-firing options including a novel option external (indirect) firing usingcombustion or gasification in an existing coal or oil fired plant.目前的分析研究檢查了幾個(gè)混燒操作，包括一個(gè)新的選擇那就是在現(xiàn)有的燃煤或 石油發(fā)電廠采用燃燒或氣化的方法在外部(問接)燃。Capital and operating costs of such external units are calculated to determine the return on in

7、vestment.這些外部單元的資本及營運(yùn)費(fèi)用需要計(jì)算出來，以確定它的投資回報(bào)。Two of these indirect co-firing options are analyzed along with the option of direct co-firing of biomass in pulverizing mills to compare their operational merits and cost advantages with the gasification option.在粉碎廠，其中兩個(gè)間接混燒選項(xiàng)和直接混燃生物質(zhì)共同分析以便于比較與選擇 氣化選項(xiàng)的業(yè)務(wù)優(yōu)點(diǎn)和成本

8、優(yōu)勢(shì)。1. IntroductionLiving biomass plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.活體生物質(zhì)植物吸收大氣中的二氧化碳。So, its combustion/gasification for energy production is considered carbon neutral.因此，其能源生產(chǎn)過程中的燃燒、氣化被認(rèn)為是碳中立。Thus if a certain amount of biomass is fired in an existing fossil (coal, coke or oil) fuel fired plant

9、 generating some energy, the plant could reduce firing the corresponding amount of fossil fuel in it.因此，如果一定量的生物質(zhì)在現(xiàn)有的化石(煤，焦炭或石油)燃料燃燒發(fā)電廠產(chǎn) 生能量，工廠就可以減少燃燒它的化石燃料的相應(yīng)數(shù)額。Thus, a power plant with integrated biomass co-firing has a lower net CO2 contribution over conventional coal-fired plants.因此，擁有集成的生物質(zhì)混燒電廠

10、比傳統(tǒng)的燃煤發(fā)電廠具有較低凈CO酌貢獻(xiàn)。Biomass co-firing is one technology that can be implemented immediately in nearly all coal-fired power plants in a relatively short period of time and without the need for huge investments.生物質(zhì)混燒是一種可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在幾乎所有燃煤電廠中立即在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)應(yīng)用，無需進(jìn)行大量投資的技術(shù)。It has thus evolved to be a near-term alterna

11、tive to reducing the environmental impact of electricity generation from coal.它由此演變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)短期的替代，以減少燃煤發(fā)電對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。Biomass co-firing offers the least cost among the several technologies/ options available for greenhouse gas reduction 生物質(zhì)混燒技術(shù)為溫室氣體減排提供多種技術(shù)方案之間的最低成本。7. Principally, co-firing operations are not

12、implemented to save energy but to reduce cost, and greenhouse gas emissions (in some cases).原則上，混燒操作沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)約能源，而是降低成本以及溫室氣體排放量 (在某 些情況下)。In a typical co-firing plant, the boiler energy usage will be the same as it is operated at the same steam load conditions (for heating or power generation), with th

13、e same heat input as that in the existing coal-fired plant.在典型的混燒電廠，鍋爐能源使用量將是相同的，因?yàn)樗窃谕徽羝?fù)荷條件 (加熱或發(fā)電)下操作的，與現(xiàn)有燃煤電廠投入相同的熱量。The primary savings from co-firing result from reduced fuel costs when the cost of biomass fuel is lower than that of fossil fuel, and avoiding landfill tipping fees or other cos

14、ts that would otherwise be required to dispose of unwanted biomass. 從降低燃料成本節(jié)省效果來看，生物質(zhì)燃料成本低于礦物燃料，避免了垃圾傾倒 費(fèi)，不需要處理有害生物的其他費(fèi)用。Biomass fuel at prices 20% or more below the coal prices would usually provide the cost savings needed.生物質(zhì)燃料低于煤炭價(jià)格20%或以上，這些通常會(huì)提供所需的成本節(jié)約。Apart from direct savings in fuel cost, oth

15、er financial benefits that can beexpected from co-firing include the following:除了直接節(jié)省燃料成本，其它混燒方面可以預(yù)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益包括以下內(nèi)容：Various pollution-reduction incentives各種污染減排獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)辦法：As co-firing, through synergetic effects, reduces the net SOx, NOx and heavy metal emissions, the plant could claim the applicable pollutio

16、nreduction incentives offered by government agencies.由于混燒，通過協(xié)同效應(yīng)降低了凈硫氧化物、氮氧化物和重金屬的排放，工廠就可以要求政府機(jī)構(gòu)提供污染減排的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。Financial incentives for plant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction:植物溫室氣體(GHG減排的財(cái)政獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)：A co-firing plant that uses biomass to replace an amount of coal in an existing boiler will reduce almost

17、 an equal amount of net CO2 emission from the plant.一個(gè)在現(xiàn)有鍋爐中使用生物質(zhì)以減少耗煤量的混燒電廠將減少幾乎等同于植物 放出的二氧化碳凈排放量。 On-demand power production:按需發(fā)電：Unlike other renewable energy technologies (e.g.: solar, wind), biomass-based power generation can be made available whenever it is needed. This helps to accelerate the

18、 capital investment payoff rate by utilizing a higher capacity factor.不同于其他可再生能源技術(shù)(如：太陽能，風(fēng)能)，以生物質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)的發(fā)電 可在必要時(shí)提供。這有助于通過利用更高的容量因子促進(jìn)資本投資回報(bào)率。An option towards meeting a renewable energy portfolio: 一個(gè)尋求可再生能源投資組合的選擇：Cofiringoffers a fast track, low-cost opportunity to add renewableenergy capacity economic

19、ally as it can be added to any coalfiredplant immediately, with minimum investment.混燒為增加可再生能源經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)性的能力提供了一個(gè)快速、低成本的機(jī)會(huì)，因?yàn)?它可以立即用最小的投資添加到任何燃煤電廠。Earning of renewable energy tax credits:可再生能源稅收抵免的收益：The use of biomass asan energy source to displace fossil fuel can be eligible forspecial tax credits from m

20、any governments.生物質(zhì)作為能源來取代化石燃料可以有資格申請(qǐng)?jiān)S多國家政府特殊的稅收抵免。Fuel flexibility: 燃料彈性：Biomass as a fuel provides a hedge against priceincreases and supply shortages of coal ore生物質(zhì)作為燃料提供了對(duì)煤炭價(jià)格上漲和鐵礦石供應(yīng)短缺的對(duì)沖。In co-firing, biomasscan be viewed as an opportunity fuel, used only when the priceis favorable在混燒中，生物質(zhì)可以被看

21、作是一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)燃料，僅在價(jià)格優(yōu)惠時(shí)使用。biomass fuels are generally sourced from the areas in theimmediate vicinity of the plant (to save on transportationcosts), the local communities benefit economically from theproduction of biomass fuels.當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境效益：生物質(zhì)燃料來源的地區(qū)，一般從工廠附近(以 節(jié)省運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用)，當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)受益于生物質(zhì)燃料的生產(chǎn)。Co-firing options?昆燒的

22、選擇Biomass co-firing has been successfully demonstrated in over 150 installations worldwide for a combination of fuels and boiler types 9.生物質(zhì)混燒已在全球范圍內(nèi)安裝的150個(gè)燃料和鍋爐類型的組合成功證明。The co-firing technologies employed in these units may be broadly classified under three types:混燒技術(shù)大致可分為以下三種類型：Direct co-firing,直

23、接混燒indirect co-firing,間接混燒gasification co-firing.氣化混燒In all three options, the use of biomass displaces an equivalent amount of coal(on an energy basis), and hence results in the direct reduction of CO2 and NOxemissions to the atmosphere.在所有這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，利用生物質(zhì)能取代等量的煤(以能源計(jì)算)，因此可以減少 二氧化碳和氮氧化物直接排向大氣的排放量。The se

24、lection of the appropriate co-firing option dependson a number of fuel and site specific factors.在適當(dāng)?shù)幕鞜桨傅倪x擇取決于燃料和特定地點(diǎn)因素。The objective of this analysis is to determine and compare the economics of the different co-firing options.本分析的目的是確定和比較不同混燒方案選擇的經(jīng)濟(jì) 效益。Brief descriptions of the three co-firing op

25、tions are presented here.三混燒選項(xiàng)的簡要說明也列在了這里。Direct co-firing 直接混燒Direct co-firing involves feeding biomass into coal going into the mills, that pulverize the biomass along with coal in the same mill.直接混燒生物質(zhì)被送到軋機(jī)里去，和煤一塊兒被研磨。Sometime separatemills may be used or biomass is injected directly into the boi

26、ler furnace through the coal burners, or in a separate system.有時(shí)單獨(dú)的軋機(jī)可用于生物質(zhì)直接注入鍋爐爐內(nèi)通過燃燒器，或在一個(gè)單獨(dú)的系統(tǒng)。The level of integration into the existing plant depends principally on the biomass fuel characteristics被現(xiàn)有的電廠所融入的水平主要取決于生物質(zhì)燃料的 特性。Four different options are available to incorporate biomass cofiring i

27、n pulverized coal power plants10.四個(gè)不同的方案可納入生物質(zhì)混燒的煤粉發(fā)電廠。In the first option, the pre-processed biomass is mixed with coal upstream of the existing coal feeders在第一個(gè)方案，預(yù)加工的生物質(zhì)與現(xiàn)有的給煤機(jī)上游的煤混 合。The fuel mixture is fed into the existing coal mills that pulverize coal and biomass together, and distribute it

28、across the existing coal burners, based on therequired co-firing rate.該燃料混合物被送入現(xiàn)有磨煤機(jī)煤和生物質(zhì)一起被粉碎，以它所需的混燒率來分散到現(xiàn)有的煤炭燃燒器。This is the simplest option, involving the lowest least capital costs, but has a highest risk of interference with the coal firing capability of the boiler unit.這是最簡單的選擇，至少涉及的資金成本最低，但單

29、位燃煤鍋爐被干擾的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最 離 問0Alkali or other agglomeration/corrosion-causing agents in the biomass can build-up on heating surfaces of the boiler reducing output and operational tim11. 生物質(zhì)的堿或其他腐蝕物造成的生物制劑可能積聚在鍋爐受熱面，使輸出和作業(yè)時(shí)間減少。Furthermore, different combustion characteristics of coal and biomass may affect the st

30、ability and heat transfer characteristics of the flame12. 此外，煤和生物質(zhì)燃燒特性的不同會(huì)影響火焰的穩(wěn)定性和熱傳遞特性。Thus, this direct co-firing option is applicable to a limited range of biomass types and at very low biomass-to-coal co-firing ratios。 因止匕， 這種直接混燒方案適 用于范圍有限的生物質(zhì)類型和比率非常低的生物質(zhì)到煤混燒。The second option involves separat

31、ehandling, metering, and pulverization of the biomass, but injection of the pulverized biomass into the existing pulverized fuel pipe-work upstream of the burners or at the burner第二個(gè)方案涉及不同的處理，測(cè)量和粉碎的生物量，但煤粉生物質(zhì)的注射是在現(xiàn)有煤粉燃料燃燒器管道的上游或 在燃燒器。This option requires only modifications external to the boiler.這個(gè)方

32、案只需要改善 鍋爐外部。One disadvantage would be the requirement of additional equipment around the boiler, which may already be congested.一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是要求圍繞已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)擠塞情況的 鍋爐增加設(shè)備。It may also be difficult to control and to maintain the burner operating characteristics over the normal boiler load curve另一個(gè)難點(diǎn)是難以在正常鍋爐負(fù)荷曲線下控制和 維燃

33、燒器的工作的特點(diǎn)。The third option involves the separate handling and pulverization of the biomass fuel with combustion through a number of burners located in the lower furnace, dedicated to the burning of the biomass alone 第三個(gè)方案涉及單獨(dú)處理和 生物質(zhì)燃料在爐膛下部的燃燒器的燃燒，致力于生物質(zhì)單獨(dú)燃燒。This demands a highest capital cost, but in

34、volves the least risk to normal boiler operation as the burners are specifically designed for biomass burning and would not interfere with the coal burners.這要求最高的資本成本，但涉及鍋爐正常運(yùn)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小，因?yàn)槿紵魇菍ｉT為生物質(zhì)燃燒設(shè)計(jì)的，也不會(huì)干預(yù)煤炭燃燒器。The final option involves the use of biomass as a reburn fuel for NOx emission control.最終

35、的方案涉及生物質(zhì)作為控制氮氧化物的排放的再燃燃料的使用。This option involves separate biomass handling and pulverization, with installation of separate biomass fired burners at the exit of the furnace. 這個(gè)方案涉 及在爐膛出口安裝生物質(zhì)燃燒器時(shí)的生物質(zhì)單獨(dú)處理和粉碎。As with the previous option, the capital cost is high, but risk to boiler operation is minima

36、l. 0與前面的方案相比，資金成本高，但鍋爐運(yùn)行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是最小的。Indirect or external co-firing混燒（外部混燒）Indirect co-firing involves the installation of a completely separate biomass boiler to produce low-grade steam for utilization in the coal-fired power plant prior to being upgraded, resulting in higher conversion efficiencies.間接混

37、燒涉及一個(gè)完全 獨(dú)立的生物質(zhì)鍋爐的安裝，以在燃煤電廠升級(jí)之前生產(chǎn)低品位蒸汽以供利用這導(dǎo) 致更高的轉(zhuǎn)換效率。An example of this option is the Avedore Unit 2 project in Copenhagen, Denmark這個(gè)方案的一個(gè)例子是Avedore2號(hào)機(jī)組在丹麥?zhǔn)锥几绫竟捻?xiàng)目。In Canada, Greenfield Research Inc. has developed a similar CFB boiler design that utilizes a number of units of the existing power pla

38、nt systems like ID fan etc. to reduce the capital cost.在加拿大，Greenfield研究公司開發(fā)了一種類似的循環(huán)流 化床鍋爐的設(shè)計(jì)，它利用了現(xiàn)有的動(dòng)力，像引風(fēng)機(jī)等設(shè)備，來減少成本投資。In this system, a subcompact circulating fluidized bed boiler is designed specifically to have a piggy-back ride on an existing power plant boiler. 在這個(gè)系統(tǒng) 中，特別為現(xiàn)有的背馱式運(yùn)行的電站鍋爐設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)微型循環(huán)

39、流化床鍋爐。Since it is not a stand-alone boiler it does not need many of the equipment orcomponent of a separate boile的于它不是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的鍋爐，所有它并不需要獨(dú)立 鍋爐所需的設(shè)備或組件。This unit releases flue gas at relatively high temperature and joins the existing flow stream of the parent coal-fired boiler after air heater.本裝置在相對(duì)較高的溫

40、度 下釋放煙氣并在空預(yù)器之后將燃煤鍋爐中的流動(dòng)蒸汽流匯集。Thus, the flue gas from the co-firing unit does not come in contact with any heating elements of the existing boiler, thus avoiding the biomass related fouling or corrosion problem, which is the largest concern of biomass cofiring因止匕，混燒單元 煙氣不會(huì)接觸任何的現(xiàn)有鍋爐加熱元件，從而避免了污染或腐蝕的相關(guān)問

41、題，這是生物質(zhì)混燒中最受關(guān)注的問題。This boiler is totally independent of the parent unit, and as such, any outage in the co-firing unit does not affect the generation of the parent plant.這種鍋爐是完全 獨(dú)立于母單元的，并因此任何混燒單元故障不會(huì)影響上級(jí)工廠。Thus this indirect combustion-based option offers high reliability.因止匕， 這種以 間接燃燒為基礎(chǔ)的方案可靠性很高。Th

42、e piggy-back boiler produces low pressure steam feeding into the process steam header of the power plant.背 馱式鍋爐產(chǎn)生低壓蒸汽在進(jìn)入電 廠前補(bǔ)充過程蒸汽。Fig. 1 shows the photograph of one such unit built by Greenfield Research Inc., for a 220MWe Pulverized coal-fired boiler in India. 圖1顯示了一個(gè)Greenfield研究公 司在印度建立的有這種單元建造 的

43、 220MWei 粉 鍋爐。In this specific case, the piggy-back boiler fired waste fuel from the parent boiler as that was the need of theplan。在此特定情況下，背馱式鍋爐根據(jù)電廠的需要，燃燒從上級(jí)鍋爐提取的廢料。Gasification co-firing 氣化混燒Co-firing through gasification involves the gasification of solid biomass and combustion of the product fuel

44、 gas in the furnace of the coal-fired boiler.氣化混燒包 括固體生物質(zhì)和氣體燃料燃燒產(chǎn)物中的燃煤鍋爐爐膛氣化。This approach offers a high degree of fuel flexibility.。這種方法提供了燃料高 度的靈活性。Since the gas can be injected directly into the furnace for burning, the plant can avoid expensive flue gas cleaning as one would need for syngas or f

45、uel gas for diesel engines由于氣體可以被注入了直接焚燒爐，該工廠為一體，可避免昂貴的煙氣 凈化將需要合成氣或柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃料氣體。As the enthalpy of the product gas is retained, this results in a very high energy conversion efficiency.因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品氣始被保留，這使得能量轉(zhuǎn)化效率很高。If the biomass contains highly corrosive elements like chlorine, alkali etc., a certain amount

46、of gas cleaning may be needed prior to its combustion in the furnace.Another important benefit of injection of gas in the furnace is that it serves as a gas-over firing designed to minimize NOx.如果生物質(zhì)含有高腐蝕性元素如氯， 堿等，可能其在爐內(nèi)燃燒之前需要一定量的清潔氣體。爐內(nèi)注氣的另一個(gè)好處是，它作為一中氣體，在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)減少氮氧化物的排放。Although less popular, indirect

47、 or external and gasification cofiring options have certain advantages,such as the possibility to use a wide range of fuels and easy removal of ash雖然不太受歡迎的，間接的或外部和氣化混燒選項(xiàng)有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)， 比如燃料適用范圍廣，方便除灰。Despite the significantly higher capital investment requirement, these advantages make these two options mor

48、e attractive to utility companies in some cases. 盡管資本投資較高，但在有些公用事業(yè)公司中，這些優(yōu)勢(shì)使得這兩個(gè)方案更具吸 引力。Case study methodolo璇例研究方法The present analysis of co-firing options considers only the economic and emissive effects of co-firing biomass within the plant facility and does not include changes in fuel transportat

49、ion requirements.前混燒方案的分析只考慮了生物質(zhì)混 燒在電廠的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和效率，并不包括燃料的運(yùn)輸。In North America, many local sources of biomass are available, and the use of a locally available source of biomass could have benefits beyond those discussed in this paper, in terms of reduced costs and emission generated from transportation

50、of fuel. 在北美，當(dāng)?shù)赜性S多的生物質(zhì)資源，這些當(dāng)?shù)厣镔|(zhì)資源的利用使得在資本投資 和運(yùn)輸過程的污染物減排等很多方面受益而不僅僅是以上在紙面上討論的這些。In areas where the supply of high quality biomass is limited transportation of biomass to the plant would likely be an important part of the economic and environmental costs.在高品質(zhì)生物質(zhì)有限的地區(qū)，生物質(zhì)的運(yùn)輸很可能會(huì)在是經(jīng) 濟(jì)和環(huán)境投資方面著重考慮的。The a

51、mount of fuel replacement with biomass is generally very low in co-firing because especially in direct firing, the boiler furnace designed for a specific fossil fuel may not respond favorably as there is a major departure in combustion and flame radiation characteristics when some other fuels in use

52、dM 燒時(shí)被生物質(zhì)所代替的燃 料數(shù)量通常非常少，尤其是在直接混燒時(shí)，因?yàn)殄仩t是為化石然料特別設(shè)計(jì)的， 可能不適應(yīng)其他燃料的燃燒特點(diǎn)。If co-firing is applied to a fluidized bed boiler, this limit may not be that stringent.如果混燒被應(yīng)用于流化床鍋爐，那么這些限制并不是那么明顯。The present economic analysis is based on a 150 MW pulverized coal plant located in Eastern Canada.目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)性分析是基于對(duì)位于加拿大東部

53、的 150兆瓦 煤粉電廠的研究。As such, only 10% biomass co-firing rate is considered in all the three different co-firing options examined here像這樣，在以上三種混燒方案中只考慮 10%勺生物 質(zhì)混燒比率。Engineering design of the indirect co-firing system, its capital cost estimation, including fuel requirements for all three options, was car

54、ried out through a computer-based analysis11接混燒系統(tǒng)的工程設(shè)計(jì)的資本投資評(píng)估，包括所有三種 方案的燃料需求，都是通過計(jì)算機(jī)分析的。Table 1 lists the inputs of the thermodynamic design.表歹U 出了 熱力設(shè)計(jì)的投 入。T her mod yn mic| de sig n inputs.Input 陋r TOC o 1-5 h z Plant genrauon (MWJ150Biomass energy fractionIDPlant heat rate (kJfkWTi)10326Qpia-dtV

55、factor (%)soTurbine 囪Tiden中(XJThe properties of the biomass fuel used in the analysis were taken as that of the hardwood maple在特性分析中，生物質(zhì)燃料被當(dāng)做硬楓木。Hardwood species are widely available in Eastern Canada and are often discarded when harvesting of softwood trees for the pulp and paper industry takes pla

56、ce, making hardwood very cost effective力口拿大的東部有許多的硬木物種，而 且通常因?yàn)椴皇a(chǎn)軟木而被紙漿業(yè)和造紙業(yè)所忽視，使得使用硬木的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益很 好。.For coal, a low ash bituminous type coal was considered, typical of the fuel type used in the specific pulverized coal boilers對(duì)于煤炭，低灰分瀝青型煤是煤粉鍋爐 使用的燃料類型的典型。presents the results of the ultimate analysis of

57、coal and biomass.表二列出了煤和生物質(zhì)的最終分析結(jié)果。For all three co-firing options, theenergy input remains the same, and was determined using the overall plant generation and heat rate:對(duì)所有這三個(gè)方案，輸入的能量保持不變，取決于全廠的發(fā)電和熱 效率Qplint =where, Qplant is the plant heat input (MJ), Pplant is plant electrical generation (MWh) an

58、d HRplant is the plant heat rate (MJ/MWh).這里 Qplant 指的是電廠輸入熱量， Pplant指的是發(fā)電量，Hrplant指的是電廠熱耗率。The heat input required from the biomass was calculated at 10% of the overall heat required by the plant由生物質(zhì)提供的熱量輸入占總熱量輸入的10%The amount of coal that would be offset through the co-firing of biomass, in a year

59、, was found through the following equation:煤的數(shù)量通過生物質(zhì)混燒會(huì)發(fā)生變 化，一年之內(nèi)的偏移量可以用下面的公式：苗 x 3600 x 24x 365 x CF(2)HHVcojiwhere, mco is the mass of coal offset by co-firing (tons/year), fbf is the biomass co-firing fraction, HHVcoal is the higher heating value of coal (MJ/ton), and CF is the plant capacity fac

60、tor.這里，Mco旨的是混燒造成的煤量偏移，F(xiàn)bf指的是生物質(zhì)混 燒比例，HHVcoaF旨的是煤的高品位發(fā)熱量，CF旨的是電廠容量因素。The capacity factor specifies as to what extent the installed capacity of the plant is utilized, either for technical reasons, or for operational reason矯量因子指定為任何 程度上的被利用裝機(jī)容量，無論是技術(shù)原因還是操作原因。Technical reasons, leading to technical ava