1、2023年高考英語復(fù)習(xí)講練測第14講閱讀理解詞義猜想題（講）【考綱考情】詞義猜想題基本上是閱讀理解每年必考的題型。閱讀文章時，常常會遇到一些未見過的詞，但這類生 詞的詞義大都可以通過上下文推斷出來，這是閱讀理解中經(jīng)常檢測的一種能力。此類題型要求學(xué)生根據(jù)閱 讀材料提供的信息，結(jié)合學(xué)習(xí)中積累的常識和經(jīng)驗對生詞的含義、熟詞生義和短語、句子的含義加以猜想, 以及對代詞的指代對象準(zhǔn)確定位。命題人要求猜想詞義的詞一般是實詞及其詞組。題型和考查角度：.猜想生詞或熟詞生義。.猜想短語的意義。.猜想代替詞所替代的內(nèi)容。.猜想句意?！究键c梳理】詞義猜想是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查在短時間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜想所指

2、定的某一個生詞、詞 組或者句子含義的能力，而這些詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。命題方式：The phrase “” in the sentence could be replaced by ” .The word in the paragraph refer to ” .What is the meaning of the underlined word in the., paragraph?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase ?The word ” most nearly m

3、eans ” .The underlined sentence in the. paragraph implies that .解題步驟：.定位文中畫線處上下文。.理解上下文，查找提示點，進(jìn)行語義概括。正確選項特點：L含義和其字面意思一般沒有關(guān)系。.上下文邏輯通順。.與原句意思最接近0干擾項特點：.與所考詞匯形似.如果考的為熟詞，含有常規(guī)詞義的往往不正確.句子解釋中含有過多原句中已有的詞和短語的選項一般為錯誤選項。【解題方法】L上下文猜詞義猜想任何詞義都離不開上下文，所以要借助上下文對需要猜想的詞或短語進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推測。可利 用以下方法：(1)根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜想。有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個

4、需要猜想其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn) 其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。(2)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜想。閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時下文緊跟一個同位語，對上文的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這時 可利用同位關(guān)系對上文或下文的詞義或短語意義進(jìn)行猜想。(3)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行猜想。在英語中，有很多詞可以加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個新詞，如果掌握了一定的構(gòu) 詞知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。(4)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜想。在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。(5)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或比照關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜想。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but, however, otherwise等可知上下句存 在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義

5、，來確定另一句的含義?！纠?2021全國甲卷C 篇)Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant co

6、ol. It meant hello. It meant dont worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (橫桿)，I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: Saf

7、e! Safe! Safe! ” And that*s what matteredlanding tricks, being a good skater.What do the underlined words Safe! Safe! Safe! probably mean?A. Be careful!B. Well done!C. No way!D. Don*t worry!【答案】B【解析】詞義猜想題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“And thafs what mattered一landing tricks, being a good skater.(那 才是真正重要的滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑

8、板玩家。廣可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧， 因此他的朋友大聲歡呼。由此可推知，畫線詞指“落地技巧完美，干得漂亮”。應(yīng)選B。2.就近原那么找指代猜想代替詞的指代內(nèi)容,要求判斷代詞(it, one, they, this, that, these, those, which等)或助動詞(do, does, did等)具體替代什么?？砂匆韵氯竭M(jìn)行：返回原文，找到指代詞一向上(有時向下)搜索，找最近的名詞、 代詞，短語或句子一將找到的詞、詞組或句子代入替代該指代詞，看意思和邏輯關(guān)系是否通順，從而確定 最正確選項。【例】(2020新高考 I 卷C 篇)In the mid-1990s, Tom Biss

9、ell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit, however, ended up involving a l

10、ot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange la

11、nd, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?Developing a serious men

12、tal disease.Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.Writing an article about the Aral Sea.【答案】D【解析】指代判斷題。上文提到了 Bissell（比塞爾）寫了一篇關(guān)于咸海消失的文章，然后畫線詞所在句提 到他的訪問最終涉及的事遠(yuǎn)不止這個，因而才有了 Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Ce而這本書。由此可知，畫線詞that指的是“寫有關(guān)咸海的文章”。應(yīng)選D。3 .意義吻合

13、推句意句意猜想要求通過閱讀文章，用合適的語句對其進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。要注意以下兩點：（1）返回原文，找到該句，對原句進(jìn)行語法和邏輯關(guān)系分析。對于需要猜想句意的情形，首先要理解句 子的前后特定語境，然后根據(jù)語境對此句在文中的意思進(jìn)行有依據(jù)的推理，最后再進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，得出答 案。（2）一般來說，正確選項的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不過是用其他的詞匯或句式來轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)而已。 【例】（2019彳折江高考B 篇）Money with no strings attached. Its not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los A

14、ngeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”What does the expression “Money with no strings attached in paragraph 1 mean?Money spent without hesitation.Money not legally made.Money offered without conditi

15、ons.Money not tied together.【答案】C【解析】句意猜想題。根據(jù)本段中的“Give What You Can, Take What You Need.（盡你所能，取你所需。廣 可知，此處“Money with no strings attached”的意思是“無條件地提供錢。應(yīng)選Co【題型剖析】ADuring the COVID-19 pandemic, Julia began her second year as a first grade teacher in an online classroom. One September afternoon, she re

16、ceived a call from and Cynthia, who was having technical difficulties with her granddaughters tools for online learning.Julia immediately knew something was wrong with Cynthia. The two women had spoken many times before, but Julia had never heard she sounded like this. Her words were so jumbled that

17、 Julia could barely understand her. Julia called her headmaster, Charlie, who convinced her that he would call and check on Cynthia himself.Just like Julia, Charlie could barely understand Cynthia. He suspected she might be having a stroke （中風(fēng)）一 he recognized the signs from when his own father had s

18、uffered one. Charlie immediately became concerned that Cynthias two grandchildren, ages six and eight, were probably home alone with her and scared. Charlie asked his office manager to send an ambulance to the grandmothers home.The quick response from Julia and Charlie saved Cynthias life. She arriv

19、ed at the hospital in time to get treatment before long-term damage occurred. Thanks to an extended stay in the hospital, she has regained most of the movement throughout her body except for one hand and a region of her mouth.Tm proud of the people I work with, that they responded so quickly and tha

20、t it did make a difference to Cynthia J says Julia. I am so pleased to be part of such a caring community. But the schooFs crisis response is only one piece of the communitys extraordinary efforts to help Cynthia and her granddaughters. Another family with young children took in the two girls.Virtua

21、l learning has been a challenge across the country, but its fair to say that it has helped the community grow closer. Many teachers there gave their personal phone numbers to students and families in case they needed extra help. In this case, the exchange was literally life-altering.Cynthia called J

22、ulia in order to.A. complain about the poor contents of online learningB consult about her granddaughters academic performanceC. seek some help for lack of certain technical knowledgeD. volunteer her services as a teacher in an online classroomThe underlined word jumbled in Paragraph 2 is closest in

23、 meaning to.briefuncleargentleimpoliteHow did Charlie decide that Cynthia might have suffered a stroke?By recalling his own previous sufferings from the disease.By using his professional knowledge to form the judgment.By combining Julias call with the granddaughters description.By identifying the sy

24、mptoms that a stroke patient may have.What does the author think of virtual leaning?It has caused much inconvenience to parents.It will bring about unavoidable leak of privacy.It has provided more benefits than challenges.It needs technical guidance to be highly effective.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了在新冠疫情

25、期間上網(wǎng)課時，Cynthia通過 幫助孫女 詢問關(guān)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)方面的問題。老師Julia通過Cynthia的聲音判斷出她有些不對勁，并且及時聯(lián)系了校長 Charlie,校長判斷出她得了中風(fēng)，并及時送往了醫(yī)院。C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第段One September afternoon, she received a call from and Cynthia, who was having technical difficulties with her granddaughters tools for online learning.（九月的個下午，她接至U 了 Cynthia的 ，她孫女的

26、在線學(xué)習(xí)工具有技術(shù)問題。）”可知，Cynthia打 是因缺乏一定的技術(shù)知識而 尋求幫助。應(yīng)選C項。B【解析】詞義猜想題。通過畫線詞后面“that Julia could barely understand her （Julia幾乎聽不懂Cynthia 說的話）”可推知，畫線詞jumbled意為“不清楚的、不完全明白的L應(yīng)選B項。D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“He suspected she might be having a stroke he recognized the signs from when his own father had suffered one.（他懷疑她可能中

27、風(fēng)了他認(rèn)出了他父親遭受痛苦時的病癥。）”可知，Charlie通過他父親中風(fēng)時的病癥比照Cynthia的病癥，推測她得了中風(fēng)。應(yīng)選D項。C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段Virtual learning has been a challenge across the country, but it*s fair to say that it has helped the community grow closer.（虛擬學(xué)習(xí)在全國范圍內(nèi)都是一種挑戰(zhàn)，但公平的說， 它幫助社區(qū)變得更加緊密。）可推知，作者認(rèn)為虛擬學(xué)習(xí)帶來的好處多于挑戰(zhàn)。應(yīng)選C項。BWhen we experience earth

28、quakes, medical emergencies whatever the situation, the first thing you probably do is panic. Everybody does. While many of us think that were cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest t

29、hing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, were anything but at our best.These normal human reactions can be reversed. For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing,

30、 belly breathing, hum breathing - you can learn these techniques in minutes. Once you calm down, youll identify accurately what the problem is really about. Lack of practice always causes us to judge problems in wrong ways. Doing the thinking ahead of time also helps you fire off the solution when i

31、ts show time. This is why you are advised to find the closest exit before the flight. And sometimes we arent prepared with all the knowledge we need. Lets say were on a hike and a bear shows up. What shall we do? Better to read suggestions on how to respond before heading into the wild.Performing in

32、 a crisis is becoming more important for all of us for two reasons. Back in the good old days, the reliability of most anything we used or did was far less than it is today. Now think about what happens to our preparedness as the probability of something had happening reduces. Unless we practice wha

33、t hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong. Consequently, terrible situations can c

34、ome out of nowhere,9. Ironically, the systems that were designed to lessen our workload might require us to remain in a state of increased vigilance （警覺）in order to survive these increasingly infrequent events when they do happen.As technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks

35、 break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.According to the passage, when an armed robbery （搶劫）happens, most witnesses will first.

36、A. observe the surroundingsB , pretend to be calm C. decide what to do D. focus on the gunWhat does the underlined word reversed“ in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Tested.B. Changed.C. Predicted.D. Understood. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that.A. things are less dependable than they used to be

37、B , cautiousness helps prevent the occurrence of crisis C. convenience reduces our problem-solving capability D. the complexity of present systems ensures our safety 8. What is the main purpose of the passage?To introduce ways of avoiding crisis situations.To point out the connection between stress

38、and risks.To raise awareness of the preparation for emergencies.To analyse the influence of technology on crisis management.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述的是，雖然很多人都認(rèn)為自己在危機(jī)中很冷靜，但科學(xué)告訴我 們，我們很少能做到。因此，市民對突發(fā)事件的防范意識要提高。D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“While many of us think that were cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom

39、 are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us.（雖然彳艮多 人都認(rèn)為自己在危機(jī)中很冷靜，但科學(xué)告訴我們，我們很少能做到。此時此刻，我們需要敏銳地意識到我 們周圍的環(huán)境，但我們的注意力卻集中在了現(xiàn)場最可怕的東西上，讓我們對周圍的其他景象、聲音甚至

40、氣 味渾然不覺。）”可知，根據(jù)文章，危機(jī)出現(xiàn)時，人們的注意力集中在了現(xiàn)場最可怕的東西上，可得出當(dāng) 武裝搶劫發(fā)生時，大多數(shù)目擊者會首先關(guān)注槍。應(yīng)選D。B【解析】詞義猜想題。根據(jù)第一段中“At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the momen

41、t, were anything but at our best.（此時此刻，我們需要敏銳地意識到我們周圍的環(huán)境， 但我們的注意力卻集中在了現(xiàn)場最可怕的東西上，讓我們對周圍的其他景象、聲音甚至氣味渾然不覺。目 前，我們還沒有到達(dá)最正確狀態(tài)。）“，和第二段中的“For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing - you can learn these t

42、echniques in minutes.Once you calm down, youll identify accurately what the problem is really about. （例如， 消防員被教導(dǎo)如何快速降低他們的血壓和心率，箱式呼吸法，腹部呼吸法，哼哼呼吸法你可以在幾分 鐘內(nèi)學(xué)會這些技巧。一旦你冷靜下來，你就會準(zhǔn)確地識別出問題的真正原因。）“可知，上文講危機(jī)出現(xiàn) 時，人們的注意力集中在了現(xiàn)場最可怕的東西上，害怕因而無法冷靜，下文講通過適當(dāng)方法，人們可以冷 靜下來，所以這些正常的人類反響（害怕/無法冷靜）是可以逆轉(zhuǎn)的。由此推知，劃線詞的意思是“改變工 應(yīng)選BoC【解

43、析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong.（除非

44、我們練 習(xí)幾乎不發(fā)生的事情，否那么當(dāng)事情發(fā)生時，我們的反響能力往往會消失?？煽啃詴Я四?。此外，我們今 天使用的系統(tǒng)更加復(fù)雜。在肉眼可見的情況下，很少有活動部件能讓我們看到事情什么時候會出錯。）” 可知，從第三段中可以推斷出，現(xiàn)代生活給予人們生活可靠性，系統(tǒng)性讓人們規(guī)避很多錯誤，世界的便利 性降低了我們解決問題的能力。應(yīng)選C。C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后 一technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations

45、may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.（隨著技術(shù)成 為絕大多數(shù)事物的一局部，隨著曾經(jīng)的巨大風(fēng)險演變成無數(shù)的小風(fēng)險，危機(jī)局勢可能會成為常態(tài)。我們都 應(yīng)該學(xué)會呼吸，認(rèn)識到情況，并執(zhí)行計劃，我們足夠聰明地提前做好準(zhǔn)備。）”可知，危機(jī)局勢可能會成 為常態(tài)，人們應(yīng)該要做好準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)對它，這篇文章的目的是為了提高市民對突發(fā)事件的防

46、范意識。應(yīng)選C。CNothing succeeds like success, as every parent of a straight-A student knows, but trying to stress academic excellence by telling your child, Youre so smart!” may be counterproductive. Why? According to a 2017 study, children who think their intelligence is fixed are less likely to pay atte

47、ntion to and bounce back （重新振作）from mistakes than children who think intelligence can grow and change.In the study, researchers looked at 123 children. The team assessed the children to determine whether they had a growth mindsefXbelieving that you can work harder to get smarter）, or a fixed mindset

48、 （believing that your intelligence is unable to change）. They then asked the children to complete a fast-paced computer accuracy task while their brain activity was recorded. During the recording, researchers noted that brain activity stopped within a half-second after making a mistake, as children

49、became aware of their mistake and paid closer attention to what went wrong. The larger the brain response was, the more the child focused on the mistake. Based on the data, they concluded that children with a “growth mindset“ were much more likely to have a larger brain response after making a mista

50、ke. While children with a fixed mindset“ were able to bounce back”, only if they gave their full attention to the mistake.For parents, the lessons are clear. Dont pay your children compliments that suggest that intelligence is fixed. If your child hands you an A+ score, dont say, “Youre so smart!Ins

51、tead, say, “Wow, that studying really paid off!” or “You clearly mastered this material-way to go!” Note the effort, not the intelligence.Besides, many parent shy away from addressing a childs mistakes, telling them “Its OK. Youll get it next time. without offering them the chances to figure out wha

52、t goes wrong. Instead, its better to reassure your children that mistakes happen, and work to figure out where and how they make the mistake.Which of the following best explains “counterproductive“ underlined in paragraph 1?A.OppositeB.CompetitiveC.SuccessfulD.UnknownHow did the children with a “growth mindset react in the study?A.They madefewer mistakes.B.They