1、優(yōu)點(diǎn)英語第01講閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題-2022年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)大提升增分策略【題型概述】細(xì)節(jié)理解題考查考生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解,特點(diǎn)是題干針對(duì)原文提到的某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論進(jìn)行發(fā)問。有些問題考生可以直接從文中找到明確的答案,有些則需要我們?cè)诶斫獾幕A(chǔ)上將有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行處理,如計(jì)算、排序、判斷、比較等。細(xì)節(jié)理解類題在高考試卷中占很大的比例,特別是在應(yīng)用文、說明文和記敘文中,更是側(cè)重對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查。掌握技巧,靈活運(yùn)用(1)細(xì)心審題,直接就題找答案提取“帶著問題找答案”的方法,先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性尚(題眼),然后以此為線索運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速:得在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落

2、、語句, 仔細(xì)品味,對(duì)照比較,確定答案。(2)變通理解,間接轉(zhuǎn)述找答案細(xì)節(jié)理解題通常采用詞語和句型轉(zhuǎn)換的形式來取代原文中的表述,命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來迷惑考生,即對(duì)原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng),摘取原文詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造,因果倒置,把A的觀點(diǎn)說成B的觀點(diǎn)等。(3)多點(diǎn)歸納,綜合事實(shí)找答案細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)考查的并不是單一的信息,而是多處信息的整合。解答此類“綜合”信息細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí),一定要全面捕捉相關(guān)信息,進(jìn)行綜合分析、歸納,切忌根據(jù)“一面之詞”草率地得出結(jié)論。明確干擾,破除陷阱(1)擴(kuò)大或縮小范圍文章為了表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)密,經(jīng)常通過加上相應(yīng)的詞語限制如涉及數(shù)量時(shí)常用many,almost

3、all,nearly, more than, over, only afew,normally等限制。有些干擾項(xiàng)改變或去掉限定詞語,甚至是擴(kuò)大或縮小語言范圍。(2)偷換概念命題者設(shè)計(jì)試題時(shí)往往把原文的概念偷換成另一個(gè)不同的概念。望文生義是造成錯(cuò)誤的主要原因。(3)正誤并存在干擾項(xiàng)中,某個(gè)句子或詞語是正確的,其他分句或詞語是錯(cuò)誤的或表達(dá)不全面,正誤并存,命題者常會(huì)借此以假亂真?！驹龇植呗浴恳弧⒅苯有畔㈩}-原文定位法【例】(2021新高考全國(guó)卷I) Romecan be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a host

4、el(旅社).The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night, and for that,youll often get to stay in a central location(位置)with security and comfort.21. What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel?A.Comfort. B. Security. C. Price. D. Location. 答案C第

5、一步 題干關(guān)鍵詞:what,concern,stayin ahostel第二步 原文定位點(diǎn):Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社).第三步 直接得答案:根據(jù)pricey可知“羅馬對(duì)旅行的人來說可能很昂貴”,故選C項(xiàng)。二、綜合信息題-同義轉(zhuǎn)化法、概念解析法、歸納事實(shí)法、數(shù)字計(jì)算法【例】 (2021全國(guó)卷甲)Paul Beer,head of rhino section at Port Lympne,said:Obviously were all absolutely de

6、lighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. Sheshealthy,strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. Its still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up,I have no do

7、ubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”25.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino? A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities. C. She is in good condition. D. She is sensitive to heat.第一步 題干關(guān)鍵詞:What,Paul Beer say,the new

8、born rhino第二步 原文定位點(diǎn):定位到原文第二段中引號(hào)中的第二句話第三步 歸納事實(shí)法:Sheshealthy,strong and already eager to playandexplore.她很健康,很強(qiáng)壯,已經(jīng)渴望玩耍和探索了。由此可知PaulBeer認(rèn)為新生的犀牛身體狀況很好。故選C項(xiàng)。【刷名校真題】Professor Heinz Wolff, who has died aged 89, was a bioengineering pioneer. He established the discipline, named it and, in a 60-year career,

9、 made significant contributions to medical research. But to the British public, he was best known as the “dotty scientist” who fronted The Great Egg Race, a BBC show in which colour-coded teams were set engineering challenges (the first was to transport an egg in a vehicle powered by rubber bands).

10、With his trademark bow tie, half-moon glasses and Mittel-European accent, he looked really like Professor Branestawn, as described by W. Heath Robinson. Yet while he cheerfully exploited his reputation as an “odd egghead”, he was very serious about his work and inspired thousands of young people to

11、consider scientific careers.Born in Berlin in 1928, Heinz Wolff was the son of Jewish parents. His mother died in 1938, and the next year the family fled. They arrived in Britain on the day war was declared. “We really cut it rather fine,” he said on Desert Island Discs in 1998.After leaving school,

12、 he worked as a technician at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, where he invented a machine to count red blood cells, and then at the National Institute for Medical Researchs pneumoconiosis (塵肺) research unit in Cardiff, where he designed a means of measuring dust levels in coal miners. He went on

13、to study at University College London and graduated with a first in physics and physiology. Then, in 1983, he founded the Institute for Bioengineering at Brunel University. His particular interest was in technologies to improve the lives of older people, but he was also heavily involved in space res

14、earch and worked as an adviser to the European Space Agency.Wolff had made his first appearance on TV on Panorama in 1966, encouraging Richard Dimbleby to swallow a “radio pill”. On The Great Egg Race, which ran from 1979, his task was to get opponent teams representing organizations such as the che

15、mical company ICI. Challenges included building a hovercraft(氣墊船) from a lawnmower(割草機(jī)), and inventing a bicycle that could ride on water. Marks were awarded for entertainment value and technical accomplishment. The show ended in the mid-l980s, but Wolff continued to judge scientific competitions, o

16、n TV and elsewhere. A natural entertainer with an inexhaustible curiosity about the world, he said hed be happy to dress up as a clown if it got children interested in science.1What does the underlined sentence “We really cut it rather fine” in paragraph 2 mean?AWe fled from Germany in time.BWe sett

17、led down at the cost of punishment.CWe led a comfortable life in Britain.DWe didnt have much time for the declaration.2Which of the following statements is TRUE of Heinz Wolff according to the passage?AHe used to major in physics and physiology.BHis family left Berlin after World War II began.CHe in

18、vented a machine while in University College London.DHis interest lay in helping those living in war-stricken areas.3Heinz Wolff didnt mind looking ridiculous as long as _.Ahe could keep being curious about the worldBhe could combine entertainment and technologyChe could help arouse childrens intere

19、st in scienceDhe could appear on TV to judge scientific competitions4Which of the following can best Heinz Wolff?AAggressive.BPassionate.COptimistic.DPioneering.【來源】河南省重點(diǎn)高中2021-2022學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期階段性調(diào)研聯(lián)考二英語試題【答案】1A2A3C4D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇記敘文，講述了生物工程學(xué)的先驅(qū)海因茨沃爾夫教授的生平和貢獻(xiàn)。1詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線句前的“Born in Berlin in 1928, Heinz

20、Wolff was the son of Jewish parents. His mother died in 1938, and the next year the family fled. They arrived in Britain on the day war was declared.”可知，沃爾夫1928年出生于柏林，父母是猶太人。他的母親于1938年去世，第二年全家逃亡，他們?cè)谛麘?zhàn)當(dāng)天到達(dá)了英國(guó)，由此可知畫線句的意思是“及時(shí)逃離了德國(guó)”，故選A。2細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“He went on to study at University College London and g

21、raduated with a first in physics and physiology.”（他繼續(xù)在倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)，并以物理學(xué)和生理學(xué)第一名的成績(jī)畢業(yè)）可知，沃爾夫曾主修物理學(xué)和生理學(xué)，故選A。3細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“he said hed be happy to dress up as a clown if it got children interested in science.”（他說他很樂意打扮成小丑如果它能讓孩子們對(duì)科學(xué)感興趣）可知，只要能引起孩子們對(duì)科學(xué)的興趣，沃爾夫就不在乎自己的外表有多滑稽，故選C。4推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Professor Heinz Wol

22、ff, who has died aged 89, was a bioengineering pioneer.”（享年89歲的海因茨沃爾夫教授是生物工程學(xué)的先驅(qū)）可知，沃爾夫的貢獻(xiàn)是開創(chuàng)性的，故選D。The two giant pandas living at Ouwehands Dierenpark in the Dutch city of Rhenen staged a charming debut(初次登臺(tái)) for hundreds of long- awaited admirers on Tuesday afternoon.After six weeks since their ar

23、rival on April 12, Wu Wen, the female giant panda made tentative steps into her outdoor enclosure(圍場(chǎng)). She threw herself at the first bamboo plant. she saw and started to chew. Xing Ya, the male, sat on a rock to enjoy the early summer sunshine. Wu Wen and Xing Ya, both three-and-a-half-year old, wi

24、ll stay at Ouwehands for 15 years. Native to south central China, they belong to a species which counts only 1,864 individuals. Both are in perfect health and adapt well to their new home, said Zhang Hongwen, chief economist of Chinas National Forestry and Grassland Administration.I am glad to see t

25、hat Wu Wen and Xing Ya are so popular in the Netherlands. Their stay will surely promote Sino-Dutch cooperation relating to the protection of forest and biodiversity.Martijn van Dam, Dutch State Secretary for Economic Affairs, Sad, From today on, Dutch children will get to know Wu Wen and Xing Ya.Th

26、ey can get inspired by all the beautiful and powerful things nature has offered.China has succeeded in stopping the decline of the number of pandas. China also makes efforts to maintain the natural habitat of the giant pandas. We would also like to contribute to that.He stressed, Wu Wen and Xing Ya

27、underline these good developments. Let this be a sign of hope that with joint forces we can protect our nature worldwide, and let this be the beginning of a wave of inspiration for the new generation.5What did Wu Wen do after she went outdoors?AShe walked step by step.BShe threw herself on a rock.CS

28、he enjoyed the sunshine.DShe ate a bamboo plant.6What did Zhang Hongwen say about the two pandas?AThey belong to an endangered species.BPeople in the Netherlands love them.CThey inspire young children to protect nature.DHundreds of people have been scared by them.7What does the underlined wordthat i

29、n Paragraph 4 refer to?AStopping the increase of panda numbers.BWelcoming pandas to the Netherlands.CProtecting pandas and their habitat.DLearning more about the nature of pandas.8What is the main idea of this passage?ATwo giant pandas meet the public in the Netherlands.BGiant pandas adapt to the li

30、te in foreign countries easy.CGiant pandas are becoming fewer and fewer.DHow China protects giant pandas.【來源】廣東省華南師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2021-2022學(xué)年高三1月模擬考試英語試題【答案】5D6B7C8A【解析】【分析】這是一篇新聞報(bào)道。文章講述了兩只大熊貓?jiān)诤商m雷嫩市的動(dòng)物園初次登場(chǎng)，受到了很多關(guān)注。5細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二、三句“She threw herself at the first bamboo plant. she saw and started to chew.”可

31、知，雌性大熊貓武雯來到戶外后就去了竹子旁邊然后開始咀嚼，也就是在吃竹子。故選D項(xiàng)。6細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段引述的原話“I am glad to see that Wu Wen and Xing Ya are so popular in the Netherlands.”可知，他樂于看到兩只大熊貓?jiān)诤商m很受歡迎，也就是荷蘭人民都很喜歡大熊貓。故選B項(xiàng)。7詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段“China has succeeded in stopping the decline of the number of pandas. China also makes efforts to maintain the n

32、atural habitat of the giant pandas.”可知，前兩句指出中國(guó)成功地讓大熊貓數(shù)量不再減少，也努力地保護(hù)大熊貓的自然棲息地，劃線句表示荷蘭方面也愿意為此做出貢獻(xiàn)，這個(gè)that應(yīng)該指代前兩句中做出的行動(dòng)，即保護(hù)大熊貓和它們的棲息地。故選C項(xiàng)。8主旨大意題。作為新聞報(bào)道，在文章開頭就說明了主要內(nèi)容“The two giant pandas living at Ouwehands Dierenpark in the Dutch city of Rhenen staged a charming debut(初次登臺(tái)) for hundreds of long- awaite

33、d admirers on Tuesday afternoon.”即兩只大熊貓?jiān)诤商m初次登臺(tái)與公眾見面。故選A項(xiàng)?！军c(diǎn)睛】詞義猜測(cè)題是閱讀理解中常見的一種題型，要求考生準(zhǔn)確理解文中某些關(guān)鍵單詞或詞組的含義，包括對(duì)超綱詞義的推斷以及熟詞生義的猜測(cè)，需要通過上下文得出其在特定場(chǎng)合的含義。猜測(cè)詞義的方法一般有以下幾種：1.通過構(gòu)詞法（派生、合成、轉(zhuǎn)化）猜測(cè)。2.通過已有的同義詞或反義詞猜測(cè)，即在上下文找出該生詞的其他表示方法，由此推斷其含義。3.通過同位語猜測(cè)。4.通過解釋性的詞語，如that is，that is to say，in other words等，以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等引出的對(duì)

34、該詞的解釋性詞、句猜測(cè)。5.通過具體語境中體現(xiàn)出來的某種關(guān)系，如因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。第3小題是對(duì)代詞指代義的推測(cè)，一般都需要先理解句意然后在前文中確定所指代的內(nèi)容：主語、賓語或某個(gè)名詞，有時(shí)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式也能幫助我們確定具體所指。Ants keep traffic flowing by changing their behavior to meet changing conditions, according to new research.For their experiment, researchers from the University of Toulouse and t

35、he University of Arizona focused on Argentine ants, which are only 2-3 millimeters long and frequently move from colony (棲息地) to colony depending on how far food is. Tapping into the ants talent for fast commutes (通勤), the researchers constructed bridges between their colonies. The bridges varied in

36、 width from a fifth to three-quarters of an inch.Then the researchers sat back and monitored the traffic. To their surprise, even when those narrower bridges were nearly overloaded, there were no 20-ant pile-ups. And traffic remained steady regardless of how crowed the bridges were because ants coul

37、d adjust to the flow of road conditions.When crowding on the path increased, ants assessed it locally and adjusted their speed accordingly to avoid any interruption of traffic flow, the researchers said. Moreover, ants avoided entering a crowded path and made sure the bridge was never overloaded.The

38、 lesson for humans? The traffic problem mostly lies in our loss of the quality that the ants have. Youve probably noticed it on your own commute to work. Driving is fun when therere few cars on the road-a lane-change (車道變換)here, a little acceleration there. Then traffic slows down. But some impatien

39、t drivers still constantly move between lanes.Traffic jams are common in human society where some people are focusing on their own personal objectives, the researchers said. In contrast, ants share a common goal: the survival of the colony, thus theyre expected to act cooperatively to get food.The r

40、esearch also suggests that the ever-widening of highways may never free us from traffic jams. As long as we drive along with our own agendas, no matter how many other people are on the road, well always end up in a traffic jam. Indeed, less space may be a good thing. It leaves less room for personal

41、 choices and forces us to take a page from the driving handbook of ants.9What did the researchers do to the ants in the experiment?AThey fed them with much delicious food.BThey trained them to avoid heavy traffic.CThey built bridges linking their colonies.DThey improved their colonies constantly.10H

42、ow did the ants behave during the experiment?AThey worked together to remove the road blocks.BThey sped up to get out of the traffic jam quickly. .CThey made their way carefully in the given direction.DThey adjusted themselves for the flow of the traffic.11What is the biggest cause of the traffic ja

43、m in human society?APoor road const ruction.BPeoples inability to adjust.CPeoples selfish driving.DToo many vehicles on roads.12What is the text mainly about?AWhat ants help us do for driving safety.BWhat ants can teach us about traffic jams.CWhy ants drive much better than humans.DWhy ants are best

44、 at handling traffic jams.【來源】廣東省深圳市高級(jí)中學(xué)2021屆高三第三次階段性測(cè)試（10月）英語試題【答案】9C10D11C12B【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了，從研究螞蟻能保證交通暢通的研究可以得出，螞蟻“擁有共同目標(biāo)”的品質(zhì)可以避免交通堵塞，這是人類需要學(xué)習(xí)的品質(zhì)。9細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段的句子“Tapping into the ants talent for fast commutes (通勤), the researchers constructed bridges between their colonies.”可知，研究人員利用螞蟻快速通勤的天

45、賦，在它們的棲息地之間架起了橋梁。故選C項(xiàng)。10推理判斷題。由第四段的句子“When crowding on the path increased, ants assessed it locally and adjusted their speed accordingly to avoid any interruption of traffic flow, the researchers said. Moreover, ants avoided entering a crowded path and made sure the bridge was never overloaded.”可知，研

46、究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)?shù)缆飞系膿頂D程度增加時(shí)，螞蟻會(huì)對(duì)其進(jìn)行局部評(píng)估，并相應(yīng)地調(diào)整速度，以避免交通流受到任何干擾，此外，螞蟻避免進(jìn)入擁擠的小徑，并確保大橋不會(huì)超載；可以推斷出螞蟻能根據(jù)交通流進(jìn)行調(diào)整。故選D項(xiàng)。11細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第二段的句子“Traffic jams are common in human society where some people are focusing on their own personal objectives”可知，交通堵塞在人類社會(huì)很普遍，是因?yàn)橛行┤税炎⒁饬性谧约旱膫€(gè)人目標(biāo)上，此處的their own personal objectives指的是人的自私

47、，所以人類社會(huì)交通堵塞的最大原因是開車人的自私。故選C項(xiàng)。12主旨大意題。由第一段的句子“Ants keep traffic flowing by changing their behavior to meet changing conditions, according to new research.”（最新研究顯示，螞蟻通過改變行為來滿足不斷變化的條件，從而保持交通暢通。）、倒數(shù)第三段的句子“The lesson for humans? The traffic problem mostly lies in our loss of the quality that the ants hav

48、e.”（給人類的教訓(xùn)？交通問題主要在于我們失去了螞蟻的品質(zhì)。）、倒數(shù)第二段“Traffic jams are common in human society where some people are focusing on their own personal objectives, the researchers said. In contrast, ants share a common goal: the survival of the colony, thus theyre expected to act cooperatively to get food.”（交通堵塞在人類社會(huì)很普

49、遍，是因?yàn)橛行┤税炎⒁饬性谧约旱膫€(gè)人目標(biāo)上，然而螞蟻有一個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)：蟻群的生存，因此它們需要合作行動(dòng)來獲取食物。）和最后一段的句子“It leaves less room for personal choices and forces us to take a page from the driving handbook of ants.”（它給個(gè)人選擇留下了更少的空間，并迫使我們從螞蟻駕駛手冊(cè)中翻開一頁。）可知，螞蟻擁有的“共同目標(biāo)”的品質(zhì)，能避免交通堵塞，這是人們需要學(xué)習(xí)的品質(zhì)，來避免交通堵塞。所以短文主要的內(nèi)容是螞蟻能教我們什么是交通堵塞。故選B項(xiàng)。【點(diǎn)睛】推理判斷題不僅要求考生讀

50、懂文章中的每個(gè)句子的意思還要推理它們之間的關(guān)系，結(jié)合自己的生活常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，再通過邏輯推理和判斷，理解文章的言外之意，從而揭示文章的深層涵義。推理判斷題的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理時(shí)我們務(wù)必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù)，即：已知部分-推論的前提，從中推測(cè)出未知部分-推理的結(jié)論，切忌妄加評(píng)論，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成作者的觀點(diǎn)。如在第2小題中，第四段的句子“When crowding on the path increased, ants assessed it locally and adjusted their speed accordingly to avoid any in

51、terruption of traffic flow, the researchers said. Moreover, ants avoided entering a crowded path and made sure the bridge was never overloaded.”，這是已知部分，通過結(jié)合原文進(jìn)行合理地邏輯判斷，可以推斷出螞蟻能根據(jù)交通流進(jìn)行調(diào)整。故選D項(xiàng)。The Government has proposed to spend money developing wireless charging roads in the UK as part of a 40 milli

52、on plan. Wireless charging roads could be developed to recharge electric cars while they drive along to solve some problems about limited equipment to encourage ownership of these vehicles and ensure better air quality. The Government has promised the money to developing both on-street and wireless

53、charging to help transformation from internal combustion engine(內(nèi)燃機(jī)) cars to electric cars.These systems work similarly to a Scalextric toy car. Wireless charging uses a process called electromagnetic induction(電磁感應(yīng)) to move energy. On the ground is a pad in which electricity is passed through a set

54、 of wire to generate a magnetic field. It is then moved to a receiver on the underside of the car. Once the technology works, it could mean that drivers can fill up their car as they drive along, meaning there could be longer periods between charging.The proposal was made in Department for Transport

55、 (DfT) and could also see charging points positioned at service stations and car parks. New homes will also, where permitted, be built with some points. David Martell, of the electric car charging company BP Chargemaster, said: “Wireless charging will make driving an electric vehicle as similar as p

56、ossible to driving a petrol car but without going to the petrol station frequently.”This is not the first time that wireless charging roads have been proposed as a number of firms have developed technologies. Renault partnered with Qualcomm and VEDECOM Tech to develop a road to test the technologys

57、capability. The 100-metre test track was said to be capable of a charge up to 20 kilowatts at speeds up to, and over, 62 miles per hour (nearly 100 kmh).13What does the UK government do according to paragraph 1?AIt tries to solve problems of air pollution.BIt supports the development of electric vehicles.CIt has planned to introduce modern transportation.DIt limits the use of internal combustion engine cars.14What does the second paragraph focus on?AH