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1、傳質(zhì)分離過程的嚴(yán)格模擬計算1第1頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日第五章 傳質(zhì)分離過程的嚴(yán)格模擬計算 5.1 平衡級的理論模型 5.2 三對角矩陣法 5.3 同時校正法 5.4 多組分分離非平衡模型2第2頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日多組分精餾過程簡捷計算精餾簡捷計算FUG法FenskeNmUnderwoodRmGillilandR、N多組分吸收過程簡捷計算3第3頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日嚴(yán)格計算的必要性簡捷算法中引入的假設(shè)“恒摩爾流和相對揮發(fā)度為常數(shù)”,在高壓及塔頂、塔釜溫差很大的情況下,偏差太大。 簡捷計算

2、不能給出各塔板上的濃度、溫度等信息,也難以處理具有多股進(jìn)料,多股側(cè)采及有側(cè)線換熱等復(fù)雜分離過程。 特殊精餾,多組分吸收,多組分萃取等過程也以采用嚴(yán)格計算為宜。 4第4頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日 Except for simple cases, such as binary distillation, graphical, empirical, and approximate group methods are suitable only for preliminary design studies. Final design of multistage equi

3、pment for conducting multicomponent separations requires rigorous determination of temperatures, pressures, stream flow rates, stream compositions, and heat transfer rates at each stage. However, rigorous calculational procedures may not be justified when multicomponent physical properties or stage

4、efficiencies are not reasonably well known.5第5頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日嚴(yán)格計算的原則:在給定的條件下,對每塊塔板同時進(jìn)行物料衡算,熱量衡算及相平衡和歸一化計算。 常用計算軟件:Aspen Plus,HYSIM,Process II等。6第6頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日5.1 平衡級的理論模型 UjWjFjLjVjLj-1Vj+1Qjzi,j, HF,j, TF,j, pF,jyi,j+1, Hj+1, Tj+1, pj+1xi,j, hj, Tj, pjxi,j-1, hj-1, Tj

5、-1, pj-1yi,j, Hj, Tj, pj第j級平衡級General equilibrium stage7第7頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日Assume that:(1) phase equilibrium is achieved at each stage 各級上達(dá)到相平衡(2) no chemical reactions occur 無化學(xué)反應(yīng)(3) entrainment of liquid drops in vapor and occlusion of vapor bubbles in liquid are negligible 忽略霧沫夾帶假定各級上

6、達(dá)到相平衡且無化學(xué)反應(yīng)。 8第8頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日建模原則:M Mass balance 物料衡算; MESH方程E Equilibrium relations 相平衡關(guān)系;S Summation equations 組分摩爾分率加和式; H Heat (energy, enthalpy) balance熱量衡算。UjWjFjLjVjLj-1Vj+1Qjzi,j, HF,j, TF,j, pF,jyi,j+1, Hj+1, Tj+1, pj+1xi,j, hj, Tj, pjxi,j-1, hj-1, Tj-1, pj-1yi,j, Hj, Tj, pj

7、第j級9第9頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日對第j級:(1)物料衡算(Meq.): 01111=+-+-+=+-jijjjijjjijjijjijMjiyWVxULzFyVxLG,)()(i=1,2,CC個 (2)相平衡關(guān)系式(Eeq.): 0=-=jijijiEjixKyG,i=1,2,CC個 (3)摩爾分率加和式(Seq.): 2個 c001=-= .,1=ijiSYjyGi=1,2,C001=-= .,c1=ijiSXjxGi=1,2,C(4)熱量衡算式(Heq.): 01111=-+-+-+=+-jjjjjjjjFjjjjjHjQHWVhULHFHVhLG)(

8、)(,1個 共有(2C3)個方程 10第10頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日將上述N個平衡級按逆流方式串聯(lián): UjWjFjLjVjLj-1Vj+1QjjF1V1Q11FNLNQNN普通的N級逆流裝置 11第11頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日UjWjFjLjVjLj-1Vj+1QjjF1V1Q11FNLNQNN設(shè)計變量分析: 固定設(shè)計變量Nx: 進(jìn)料變量數(shù): N(C+2)壓力等級數(shù): N可調(diào)設(shè)計變量Na: N(C+3)串級單元數(shù): 側(cè)線采出數(shù): 傳熱單元數(shù): 分配器數(shù): 12N2N03N-1總設(shè)計變量數(shù)Ni= Nx+Na = N(C+6)-1

9、 12第12頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日設(shè)計變量的規(guī)定:設(shè)計型:關(guān)鍵組分的回收率(或濃度)及相關(guān)參數(shù)平衡級數(shù),進(jìn)料位置等操作型:達(dá)到的分離程度(回收率或濃度)平衡級數(shù),進(jìn)料位置及相關(guān)參數(shù)13第13頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日對操作型問題可以指定以下變量: 1、進(jìn)料信息:Fj、zij、TFj、PFj N(C+2)個 2、各級壓力:Pj N個 3、各級側(cè)線采出:Uj、Wj 2(N1)個 4、各級換熱:Qj N個 5、級數(shù):N 1個未知量: N(C+6)-1 1、液相組成:xi,j NC個 2、氣相組成:yi,j NC個 3、液相流率:Lj

10、 N個 4、氣相流率:Vj N個 5、各級溫度:Tj N個N(2C+3)個有唯一解 14第14頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日 The above relations are nonlinear algebraic equations that interact strongly. Consequently, solution procedures are relatively difficult and tedious. A solution method is required to be programmed for a computer.15第15頁,共58頁

11、,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日5.2 三對角線矩陣法Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm Equation-tearing Procedures方程解離法(又稱配對收斂法) 按方程類型分組的多級分離過程的計算方法。 適合操作型計算。 5.2.1 方程的解離方法及求解 5.2.2 泡點(diǎn)法(BP法)5.2.3 流率加和法(SR法)16第16頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日5.2.1 方程的解離方法及求解Equation-tearing Procedures 一、方程的解離:MESHME:工作方程算組成SH校驗方程(校核方程)算溫度、流率

12、求解: 液相組成xi,j,汽相組成yi,j,溫度Tj,流率Vj或Lj。泡點(diǎn)法(BP):用S檢驗T,用H檢驗V。流率加合法(SR):用S檢驗V,用H檢驗T。17第17頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日01111=+-+-+=+-jijjjijjjijjijjijMjiyWVxULzFyVxLG,)()(i=1,2,CMeq.Eeq.0=-=jijijiEjixKyG,i=1,2,C將相平衡關(guān)系(E-eq.)代入物料衡算方程(M-eq.): 011111=+-+-+-jijijjjijjjijjijijjijxKWVxULzFxKVxL,)()(為消去L,從第1級到第j級作

13、總物料衡算: 11VWUFVLjmmmjj-+= 1m=+)(將上式代入修正的M-eq.,整理可得: 18第18頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日jjijjijjijDxCxBxA=+-11,19第19頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日第1級無液相采出,第N級無汽相采出: (5-8)20第20頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日二、三對角線矩陣的托馬斯法 追趕法(托馬斯法)求解: (1) 先假定Tj和Vj; (2) 計算相平衡常數(shù)Ki,j,得到線性化的ME方程; (3) 高斯消去法,將(5-8)轉(zhuǎn)化為二對角矩陣方程; 解出x

14、i,N,xi,N,xi,1。(4) 一般情況下,xi,j不會滿足S-eq.和H-eq.,用S-eq.和H-eq.作為收斂的校驗方程,算出新的Tj和Vj; (5) 以算出的新的Tj和Vj為迭代值,返回 (1); 21第21頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日配對收斂方法的特點(diǎn): 將兩個校驗方程(S-eq.和H-eq.)與兩個迭代變量分別配對。 根據(jù)不同的配對方案形成兩種不同的算法:泡點(diǎn)法(BP法)和流率加和法(SR法)。22第22頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日 For separators where the feed(s) contains o

15、nly components of similar volatility (narrow-boiling case), a bubble-point (BP) method is recommended. For a feed(s) containing components of widely different volatility (wide-boiling case) or solubility, a sum-rates (SR) method is suggested.23第23頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日5.2.2 泡點(diǎn)法(BP法)Bubble-poi

16、nt Method BP法適用于窄沸程混合物的分離計算,如一般的精餾過程。 在此情況下,各平衡級上的傳質(zhì)過程主要依賴于兩相流體的部分汽化和部分冷凝,平衡級溫度就是泡點(diǎn)溫度或露點(diǎn)溫度,它們主要取決于兩相組成,所以用組分的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)加和式,即S-方程來檢驗平衡級溫度Tj是否正確。 精餾系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的熱量傳遞主要由潛熱的變化引起,由此也引起兩相流率的變化,所以用熱量衡算方程,即H-方程來檢驗流率Vj是否正確。24第24頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日規(guī)定: 進(jìn)料:Fj,zi,j,TFj,PFj 壓力:pj 側(cè)采:Uj,Wj 熱負(fù)荷:Qj(除Q1和QN) 級數(shù):N 回流量:L1 氣相

17、餾出量:V1開 始設(shè)定Tj、Vj初值解三對角線矩陣方程,求xi,j歸一化xi,j泡點(diǎn)計算,求新的Tj,Vj計算冷凝器和再沸器的熱負(fù)荷(Q1和QN)H-eq.計算新的Vj ;計算Lj)調(diào)整Tj和Vj結(jié) 束yesno規(guī)定設(shè)計變量是否滿足迭代收斂準(zhǔn)則BP法計算框圖25第25頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日StartSpecify conditionsspecify: feed:Fj,zi,j,TFj,PFj pressure:pj side streams:Uj,Wj heat load:Qj No. of stages:N reflux:L1 vapor distilla

18、te:V1Initialize tear variables Tj, VjCompute x by Thomas methodNormalize xi,j for each stageCompute new Tj form BP eq and yCompute Q1 and QNCompute new Vj and LjIs 0.01N?ExityesnoconvergedNot convergedAdjust tear variablesAlgorithm for BP Method26第26頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日一、迭代變量Tj、Vj初值的給出 1、Vj

19、: 用指定回流比、餾出量、進(jìn)料量、側(cè)線采出量,按恒摩爾流假設(shè)給出一組Vj的初值。 Establish an initial set of Vj based on the assumption of constant molar interstage flows using the specified reflux, distillate, feed, and side-stream flow rates.27第27頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日一、迭代變量Tj、Vj初值的給出 2、Tj: (1)塔頂:氣相采出:液相采出:氣、液相混合:露點(diǎn)溫度泡點(diǎn)溫度泡、露點(diǎn)之間的溫

20、度(2)塔釜:釜液泡點(diǎn)溫度線性內(nèi)插,得到中間各級溫度初值。 28第28頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日二、歸一化 Normalization 由于求三對角矩陣方程時沒有考慮S-eq.的約束,必須對得到的xi,j歸一化。 =Cjijixx=i1jix,三、泡點(diǎn)方程的計算 (實際就是S-eq.): 001=-= .,c1=ijiSYjyG29第29頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日四、Vj的計算 通過物料衡算和熱量衡算得到二對角線矩陣方程: 先求V3,再依次求出V4VN。30第30頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日五、迭代收

21、斂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 或更簡單的: p186【例5-1】泡點(diǎn)法模擬精餾分離輕烴混合物31第31頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日5.2.3 流率加和法Sum-Rates Method SR法適用于寬沸程混合物的分離過程, 如吸收、解吸、氣提和萃取等過程的計算。 The chemical components present in most absorbers and strippers cover a relatively wide range of volatility (組分的揮發(fā)度相差大). Hence, the BP method of solving the MESH e

22、quations will fail because calculation of stage temperature by bubble-point determination is too sensitive to liquid-phase composition (通過泡點(diǎn)計算的級溫度對液相組成的變化太敏感)and the stage energy balance is much more sensitive to stage temperatures than to interstage flow rates (熱量平衡對級溫度比對級間流率敏感的多). 用S-方程計算流率;用H-方程計

23、算級溫度。32第32頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日規(guī)定: 進(jìn)料:Fj,zi,j,TFj,PFj 壓力:pj 側(cè)采:Uj,Wj 熱負(fù)荷:Qj(除Q1和QN) 級數(shù):N 回流量:L1 氣相餾出量:V1開 始設(shè)定Tj、Vj初值解三對角線矩陣方程,求xi,j歸一化xi,j和yi,j求新的Tj(k+1)= Tj(k)+Tj(k) Tj(k)通過托馬斯法求解一偏導(dǎo)數(shù)矩陣方程(5-18)S-eq.計算Lj ;物料衡算計算Vj)調(diào)整Tj和Vj結(jié) 束yesno規(guī)定設(shè)計變量是否滿足迭代收斂準(zhǔn)則SR法計算框圖33第33頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日StartS

24、pecify conditionsspecify: feed:Fj,zi,j,TFj,PFj pressure:pj side streams:Uj,Wj heat load:Qj No. of stages:NInitialize tear variables Tj, VjCompute x by Thomas methodCompute new Lj from sum-rates ralation and new VjNormalize xi,j and calculate corresponding yi,j and normalize yi,jCompute new TjIs 0.01

25、N?ExityesnoconvergedNot convergedAdjust tear variablesAlgorithm for SR Method34第34頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日(I) Initialization of Tj and Vj Vj: 根據(jù)氣相進(jìn)料和側(cè)采,按恒摩爾流假設(shè)給出一組Vj的初值。 Assume a set of Vj values based on the assumption of constant molar interstage flows, working up from the bottom of the absor

26、ber using specified vapor feeds and any vapor side-stream flows.35第35頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日一、迭代變量Tj、Vj初值的給出 2、Tj: Generally, an adequate initial set of Tj values can be provided by computing or assuming both the bubble-point temperature of an estimated bottoms product and the dew-point temper

27、ature of an assumed vapor distillate product; or computing or assuming bubble-point temperature if distillage is liquid or a temperature in-between the dew-point and bubble-point temperatures if distillate is mixed, and then determining the other stage temperatures by assuming a linear variation of

28、temperature with stage location.36第36頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日(II) Calculate new values of Lj and Vj +=CkjkjLL=i11jix,)()(Lj(k) is calculated from Vj(k) by material balance: Vj(k1) is obtained by total material balance for stage jN : () -+-=N=jmmmmNjjWUFLLV1 Values of xi,j obtained by Thomas alg

29、orithm are not normalized at this step but are utilized directly to produce new values of Lj by applying the sum-rates equation.37第37頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日(III) Normalize xi,j and yi,jNormalize xi,j: =Cjijixx=i1jix,Calculate yi,j by E-eq.:0=-=jijijiEjixKyG,Normalize yi,j: =Cjijiyy=i1jiy,38第38

30、頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日(IV) Calculate new Tj Since enthalpies are generally nonlinear in temperature, an iterative solution procedure is required, such as the commonly used Newton-Raphson method: This matrix of partial derivatives is called the Jacobian correction matrix which can be solve by

31、employing Thomas algorithm to get the set of corrections Tj(k).jkjjkjjkjjDTCTBTA)(1)()(1=D+D+D+-39第39頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日(V) Convergence criterion Or simply:p190【例5-2】流率加和法模擬吸收塔40第40頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日Summary1. Rigorous methods are readily available for computer-solution of equili

32、brium-based models for multicomponent, multistage absorption, stripping, distillation, and liquid-liquid extraction.2. The equilibrium-based model for a countercurrent-flow cascade provides for multiple feeds, vapor side streams, liquid side streams, and intermediate heat exchangers. Thus, the model

33、 can handle almost any type of column configuration.41第41頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日Summary3. The model equations include component material balances, total material balances, phase equilibria relations, and energy balances.4. Some or all of the model equations can usually be grouped so as to obta

34、in tridiagonal matrix equations, for which an efficient solution algorithm is available.42第42頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日Summary5. Widely used methods for iteratively solving all of the model equations are the bubble-point (BP) method, the sum-rates (SR) method, the simultaneous correction (SC) met

35、hod, and the inside-out method.6. The BP method is generally restricted to distillation problems involving narrow-boiling feed mixtures.7. The SR method is generally restricted to absorption and stripping problems involving wide-boiling feed mixtures or in the Isothermal Sum-Rates (ISR) form to extr

36、action problems.43第43頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日1893: Supplements- Development of Equilibrium-based Models The fundamental equations for the equilibrium-based models were first published by Sorel. The equations consisted of material balances around top and bottom sections of equilibrium stages, in

37、cluding a total condenser and a reboiler, and corresponding energy balances that included provision for heat losses. Graphs of phase-equilibrium data were used instead of equations. Sorels model was not widely applied because of its complexity.44第44頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日1921: Supplements- Dev

38、elopment of Equilibrium-based Models Sorels model was adapted to graphical solution techniques for binary systems by Ponchon and Savarit who used an enthalpy-concentration diagram. 45第45頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日1925: Supplements- Development of Equilibrium-based Models A much simpler, but less r

39、igorous, graphical technique was developed by McCabe and Thiele, who eliminated the energy balances by assuming a constant-molar-overflow. McCabe-Thiele graphical method is applied even today for binary distillation because the method gives valuable insight into changes in phase compositions from st

40、age to stage. 46第46頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日1938: Supplements- Development of Equilibrium-based Models A notable achievement was made by Smoker for the distillation of a binary mixture by assuming not only constant molar overflow, but also constant relative volatility between the two components.

41、 47第47頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日1930s1950s: Supplements- Development of Equilibrium-based Models Two iterative, numerical methods were developed for obtaining a general solution to Sorels model for the distillation of multicomponent mixtures. The Thiele-Geddes method requires specification of NT,

42、 the feed stage, R, and the distillate flow rate, with the resulting distribution of the components. The Lewis-Matheson method computes the NT and the location of the feed stage for a specified R and split between two key components. These two methods were widely used for the simulation and design o

43、f single-feed multicomponent distillation columns prior to the 1960s. 48第48頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日1958: Supplements- Development of Equilibrium-based Models Techniques of matrix algebra were applied by Amundson, leading to a number of successful computer-aided design and simulation programs ab

44、ound for the rigorous, iterative numerical solution of Sorels equilibrium-based model for a wide variety of column configurations and specifications. Although the iterative computations sometimes fail to converge, the methods are widely applied and have become more flexible and robust with each pass

45、ing year. 49第49頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日Limitation of Equilibrium-based Models The equilibrium-based methods assume that equilibrium is achieved, at each stage, with respect to both heat and component mass transfer. Except when temperature changes significantly from stage to stage, the assumptio

46、n of temperature equality for vapor and liquid phases leaving a stage is usually acceptable. However, in most industrial applications, the assumption of equilibrium with respect to exiting phase compositions is not reasonable. In general, exiting vapor-phase mole fractions are not related to exiting

47、 liquid-phase mole fractions by thermodynamic K-values. 50第50頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日Procedures for accounting for nonequilibrium:Overall stage efficiency: Proposed by Lewis in 1922, For converting theoretical stages to actual stages. Experimental data show that this efficiency varies over a range of 5% to 120% depending on the application.51第51頁,共58頁,2022年,5月20日,21點(diǎn)58分,星期日Procedur

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