1、1Human FactorsWhy HF? Objective: Flight Safety80% of aviation accidents (91% of fatal accidents) are caused by pilot errornot major aircraft malfunction.Equipment and advances in technology have e so reliable we need to now focus on the human elements that cause accidents and those elements that cre

2、ate safe flying environments.2THE DECISION MAKING PROCESSPilot Decision Making3Pilot Decision Making ModelCHOOSESITUATIONOPTIONSACTEVALUATE4Situational Awareness:Pilots must have a good understanding of what is going on around them.The greater the Situational Awareness the safer the pilot.THE PROCES

3、S:5SITUATIONAL AWARENESSTwo Things That Make People AWARE?1.Knowledge.2.Alertness.Things that affect awareness:1.Feeling Tired.2.Sickness.3.Being Pre-Occupied.4.Stress.6Divisions Of Situational Awareness:1. The Pilot - Are you healthy physically and mentally to tackle the task.2. Aircraft - Is the A

4、ircraft Capable to tackle the task.3. Environment - This includes weather conditions, site of the operation, etc.4. Operation - What is the intended purpose of the flight, How does this purpose affect the other 3 subjects.7 Factors That Influence Decision Making8 Factors That Influence Decision Maki

5、ng1. KnowledgeMore than what you learn in a classroom or briefing.2. Situational AwarenessThe starting point of the Decision Making Process.Making a false assumption about a situation can get you in trouble.9Factors That Influence Decision Making3. SkillGood skill level, less effort required to fly

6、the aircraft.Skills should be practiced until they e automatic.4. Experience and TrainingGreatly improved skills of experienced pilots allow them to pay more attention to what is going on around them.If something goes wrong, experience can steer you in the right direction.105. ReasoningThis means re

7、aching a conclusion by careful thinking.Good reasoning can help resolve emergencies and even help avoid situations.6. Risk AssessmentSetting out options requires consideration of the risk associated with each alternative.Risk assessment also depends on other things such as Attitude, Knowledge and Sk

8、ill.Factors That Influence Decision Making117. StressStress can cause situations where good PDM is required, orcan leave you unable to make decisions.8. AttitudeGood attitude is an important ingredient for PDM.Hazardous attitudes can and do block good PDM.If hazardous attitudes are not recognized th

9、ey will steer us towards bad decisions.Factors That Influence Decision Making12THE FALSE ASSUMPTIONAssuming everything is normal when it is not.13False Assumptions Occur1. When expectancy is great.You see or hear what you expect to see or hear.2. Fixation.You focus your attention on one item while something more important goes unnoticed.3. After periods of high concentration.There is a tendency to relax and make false assumptions.4. Regression.A pilot with a lot of experience on a certain A/C could be under a false assumption