氣候變化與清潔發(fā)展機制_第1頁
氣候變化與清潔發(fā)展機制_第2頁
氣候變化與清潔發(fā)展機制_第3頁
氣候變化與清潔發(fā)展機制_第4頁
氣候變化與清潔發(fā)展機制_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩25頁未讀 繼續(xù)免費閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進行舉報或認領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

1、氣候變化與清潔發(fā)展機制第1頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四1氣候系統(tǒng): The climate system大氣圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈的整體及其相互作用。The totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphereand their interaction.第2頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四2溫室氣體效應(yīng):Greenhouse Gas Effect第3頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四3氣候變化:Climate change指除在類似時期內(nèi)所觀測的

2、氣候的自然變遷之外,由于直接或間接的人類活動改變了地球大氣的組成而造成的氣候變化。A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.第4頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四4

3、全球氣候變化:Change of Global Temperature根據(jù)新的證據(jù)以及考慮到不確定因素的情況下,在過去50年所觀察到的全球變暖是由于溫室氣體濃度的增加而導(dǎo)致In the light of new evidence and taking into account the remaining uncertainties, most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrationsSourc

4、e: IPCC Third Assessment Report 2001第5頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四5氣候變化的影響:Climate Change Impacts 第6頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四6公約目標(biāo):UNFCCC objectives將大氣中溫室氣體的濃度穩(wěn)定在防止氣候系統(tǒng)受到危險的人為干擾的水平上。這一水平應(yīng)當(dāng)在足以使生態(tài)系統(tǒng)能夠自然地適應(yīng)氣候變化,確保糧食生產(chǎn)免受到威脅,并使經(jīng)濟發(fā)展能夠可持續(xù)地進行之時間范圍內(nèi)實現(xiàn)。Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the

5、atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic deve

6、lopment to proceed in a sustainable manner. ARTICLE 2 第7頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四7京都議定書:The Kyoto Protocol附件一締約方應(yīng)該個別地或共同地確保附件A所列二氧化碳、甲烷等六種受控的溫室氣體排放總量,在2008年至2012年的承諾期內(nèi)比1990年水平至少減少5.2,The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon d

7、ioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A reduce their overall emissions by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. Article 3 到2005年12月31日前,附件一締約方應(yīng)在履行這些承諾方面做出可予證實的進展 Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable

8、 progress in achieving its commitments under this Protocol.第8頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四8附件一國家:Annex I countries附件一(工業(yè)發(fā)達國家)承諾減排溫室氣體。Annex I countries(industrialised countries)commited themselves to reduce their GHG emissionsAnnex I非附件一國家(發(fā)展中國家)Non-Annex I countries(developing countries)第9頁,共30頁,202

9、2年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四9對工業(yè)國家要求:The requirements for Annex I countries 為發(fā)展中國家締約方提供新的和額外的資金Provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred to developing country Parties in complying with their obligations幫助特別易受氣候變化不利影響的發(fā)展中國家締約方Assist the developing country Parties tha

10、t are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change應(yīng)采取一切實際可行的步驟,酌情促進、幫助和資助向其他締約方特別是發(fā)展中國家締約方轉(zhuǎn)讓或使他們有機會得到環(huán)境友好技術(shù)和專有技術(shù)Take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other P

11、arties, particularly developing country Parties第10頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四10京都議定書附錄B:Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol歐盟氣泡第11頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四11減排指標(biāo):Reduction objectives1990200020102020246GtC-5%Kyoto-Protocol-24%Source: ABB Corporate Research第12頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四12控制溫室氣體種類:Kyoto

12、 Protocol Greenhouse Gases 二氧化碳 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 甲烷 Methane (CH4) 氧化亞氮 Nitrous oxide (N2O)氫氟碳化物 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 氟化碳 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 六氟化硫 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 第13頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四13為實現(xiàn)長期可測量符合成本效益原則的減排目標(biāo),京都議定書提出三種機制The KP identifies three mechanisms to supplement

13、 national actions to achieve real, long-term, measurable and cost-effective GHG reductions:三機制:Three mechanismsClean Development Mechanism清潔發(fā)展機制(CDM)Joint Implementation 聯(lián)合履行(JI)Emissions Trading (ET)排放貿(mào)易(ET)第14頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四14Annex I/B清潔發(fā)展機制(CDM):Clean Development Mechanism Annex I/BD

14、eveloping countries發(fā)起國Sponsor東道國Host發(fā)起CDM項目CDM Project Sponsoring獲得經(jīng)核證的減排Certified Emission Reductions發(fā)展中國家第15頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四15CDM目的:CDM Purpose并協(xié)助附件一所列締約方遵守其依第三條規(guī)定的排放量限制和削減承諾。-to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and re

15、duction commitments協(xié)助未列入附件一的締約方實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展并增進公約的最終目標(biāo),-to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention Article of KP 12 第16頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四16清潔發(fā)展機制的管理:Management of CDM清潔發(fā)展機制由作為本議定書締約方會議的公約締約方會議授權(quán)和指

16、導(dǎo),并由清潔發(fā)展機制的執(zhí)行理事會監(jiān)督。The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised by an executive board of the clean development mechanism. 締約方會議( COP )是聯(lián)合國氣候框架公約的最高機構(gòu),每年召開一次會議評審

17、公約的進程。Conference of the Parties (COP) The COP is the supreme body of the Convention. It currently meets once a year to review the Conventions progress. 作為京都議定書締約方會議的公約締約方會議 ( 議定書/ 公約締約方會議) (COP/MOP)是京都條約最高機構(gòu),Meeting of the Parties (MOP) The Kyoto Protocols supreme body will be the MOP, which will se

18、rve as the Protocols meeting of the Parties.第17頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四17CDM 管理架構(gòu):CDM Bodies作為京都議定書締約方會議的公約締約方會議 ( 議定書/ 公約締約方會議) Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol ( COP/MOP)CDM 執(zhí)行理事會CDM Executive Board (CDM-EB)認可專家組Accreditation Panel 林業(yè)工作組Afforesta

19、tion and Reforestation Working Group/Panel 方法學(xué)專家組Methodology Panel小項目專家組Small scale CDM Panel 第18頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四18執(zhí)行理事會組成:Executive Board 執(zhí)行理事會(EB)是在COP/MOP領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的負責(zé)CDM活動機構(gòu)Executive Board (EB) The Executive Board operates under the authority of the Parties.執(zhí)行理事會由十個專家構(gòu)成,其中五個專家分別代表五個聯(lián)合國官方區(qū)域(

20、非洲、亞洲、拉丁美洲、加勒比海地區(qū)、中東歐、OECD 國家),一個專家來自小島國組織,兩個專家來自附件國家,兩個專家來自非附件國家。The Executive Board consists of 10 members, including one representative from each of the five official UN regions (Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central Eastern Europe, and OECD), one from the small island developing

21、 states, and two each from Annex I and non-Annex I Parties. The CDM-EB 2004MembersAlternatesMr. John W. Ashe 1Ms. Desna Solofa 1Mr. Jean-Jacques Becker 2Mr. Martin Enderlin 2Mr. John Shaibu Kilani 2 (Chair)Mr. Ndiaye Cheikh Sylla 2Mr. Sozaburo Okamatsu 2Ms. Sushma Gera 2Ms. Marina Shvangiradze 1Ms.

22、Anastasia Moskalenko1Mr. Georg Brsting 1(Vice-Chair)Mr. Hans Jrgen Stehr 1Mr. Fareed Al-Asaly 2 Mr. Chow Kok Kee 2Mr. Richard Muyungi 1 Mr. Hernn Carlino1Mr. Xuedu Lu 1Mr. Juan Pablo Bonilla 1Mr. Jos Miguez 2Mr. Eduardo Sanhueza 21Term: 2 Years e.g. ending 20052Term: 3 years e.g. ending 2004第19頁,共30

23、頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四19執(zhí)行理事會工作:EB tasks批準(zhǔn)建議的基準(zhǔn)和監(jiān)測方法Approval of proposed baseline and monitoring methodologies執(zhí)行理事會(EB)負責(zé)認證經(jīng)營實體(DOE)Accreditation of designated operational entities執(zhí)行理事會(EB)負責(zé)建立、維護并管理清潔發(fā)展機制項目的注冊登記( CDM registry ),簽發(fā)經(jīng)核證減排證明( CERs )The CDM-EB is responsible for the maintenance of a CD

24、M registry, which will issue new CERs 第20頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四20經(jīng)營實體的工作:task of DOE審定CDM項目Validation of CDM projects申請項目的登記Presentation of projects for registration核查監(jiān)測報告Verification of monitoring reports推薦簽發(fā)CERsRecommendation for CER issuance. 目前共有4個指定經(jīng)營實體(DOEs),20個申請實體(AEs)At present 4 DOEs

25、, approximately 20 Applicant Entities. 第21頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四21CDM參與條件:Participation requirements 所有的締約方都應(yīng)滿足三個基本要求: All Parties must meet three basic requirements: 自愿參與CDM項目活動i) voluntary participation, 建立一個CDM項目活動的管理機構(gòu)ii) establishment of the National CDM Authority, 已經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)京都條約iii) ratificati

26、on of the Kyoto Protocol. 第22頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四22項目合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn):Project Eligibility 京都議定書第12條規(guī)定溫室氣體的減排應(yīng)是在沒有經(jīng)證明的項目活動的情況下產(chǎn)生任何減少排放而言是額外的,與減緩氣候變化有關(guān)的真實的、可測量的和長期的效益Article 12 of the Protocol states that projects must result in “reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the a

27、bsence of the project activity”. The CDM project must lead to real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change. Kyoto article 12溫室氣體的排放應(yīng)小于可信和可能的基準(zhǔn)排放是否是真實的Real if actual GHG emissions are less than the emissions in a credible and probable baseline scenario測定確定項目排放水

28、平與基準(zhǔn)排放水平方法的可行性應(yīng)是在合理的范圍內(nèi)Measurable if the actual level of GHG emissions of the project case and the level of GHG emission in the baseline scenario can be established with a reasonable degree of certainty項目對溫室氣體的減排的收益應(yīng)是長期的Avoiding GHG emissions is per definition a long-term benefit第23頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20

29、日,7點55分,星期四23可持續(xù)發(fā)展標(biāo)準(zhǔn):Sustainable development criteria 京都條約中規(guī)定清潔發(fā)展機制的目的是協(xié)助未列入附件一的締約方實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,可持續(xù)發(fā)展指標(biāo)主要包括:The protocol specifies that the purpose of the CDM is to assist non-Annex I Parties in achieving sustainable development. 社會指標(biāo):項目可以提高生活質(zhì)量、減少貧困、增進公平等Social criteria The project improves the quality

30、of life, alleviates poverty, and improves equity. 經(jīng)濟指標(biāo): 項目可以為地方實體提供經(jīng)濟來源,對收支平衡及新技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移起到積極作用Economic criteria The project provides financial returns to local entities, results in a positive impact on balance of payments, and transfers new technology. 環(huán)境指標(biāo):項目通過減少對石化燃料的使用導(dǎo)致溫室氣體的減排,可以降低對地方環(huán)境的壓力,提供健康的生活環(huán)境等

31、,實現(xiàn)能源環(huán)境政策Environmental criteria The project reduces greenhouse gas emissions and the use of fossil fuels, conserves local resources, reduces pressure on the local environments, provides health and other environmental benefits, and meets energy and environmental policies. 第24頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,

32、星期四24Annex I/B聯(lián)合履行(JI): Joint ImplementationAnnex I/BEconomies in Transition發(fā)起聯(lián)合履行項目JI Project SponsoringBoth Parties are Annex I Parties在附件I國家之間減排單位Emission Reduction Units發(fā)起國Sponsor東道國Host第25頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四25199020002010202080100120Index排放貿(mào)易(ET):International Emission Trading Emission

33、 target排放目標(biāo)可以出售can sell credits國家Country A國家Country B必須購買must buy credits市場信用MARKET FOR CREDITStodays emission目前排放水平第26頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四26京都機制總結(jié):Summary KP “Flexible” Mechanisms清潔發(fā)展機制:Clean Development Mechanism輸出:經(jīng)核證的減排(CERs)Output: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)在附件一和非附件一國家之間,開始時間為

34、2000年Between Annex I and non-Annex I countries, started year 2000聯(lián)合履行:Joint Implementation輸出:減排單位(ERU)Output: Emission Reduction Units (ERU)在附件一國家之間,開始時間為2008年Between Annex I countries, starts from 2008排放國際貿(mào)易:International Emissions Trading 輸出:分配的數(shù)量單位(AAU)Output : Assigned Amount Units (AAU)在附件一國家之間,開始時間為2008年Between Annex I Parties, starts from 2008第27頁,共30頁,2022年,5月20日,7點55分,星期四27馬拉喀什協(xié)定:Marrakech accords17/CP.7京都議定書第十二條確定的清潔發(fā)展機制的模式和程序Decision 17/CP.7 Modalities and proce

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評論

0/150

提交評論